Slavery In USA And Serfdom In Russia

Slavery In USA And Serfdom In Russia Slavery, condition in which one human being is owned by another  [1]  , has been part of countless civilizations since the dawn of Mankind. From the fields and mines of Ancient Mesopotamia, through great Rome and sophistic Greece, and all the way until just but a century ago in America and Russia, slavery was a basic foundation of the society. In its beginning, and several times since, slaves were kept almost as family members, but mostly they were put to do the hard, physical work. Slavery was always weld together with the economy of the owners, be it civilians or the monarch crown. Even today some slavery still exists. We might hear and read about evil criminality referred to as human trafficking, forced prostitution, child soldiers, forced and bonded labour and the use of children in international drug trade, children labour  [2]  . Also Conservative estimates indicate that at least 27million people, in places as diverse as Nigeria, Indonesia and Brazil, live in conditions of forced bondage  [3]  . International organizations like the UN, with its Anti-Slavery Commission, still fight to abolish these modern remains of slavery. In our everyday life language we tend to say that we are slaves of our work, our money or some other materialistic need. Fortunately slavery in its ancient and medieval context has been abolished in practically the whole world. Serfdom, condition in medieval Europe in which a tenant farmer was bound to a hereditary plot of land and to the will of his landlord  [4]  , differs principally from slavery in the fact that serfs obtained their subsistence by cultivating a plot of land that was owned by a lord. The reason for then comparing serfdom in the Russian Empire with slavery in the USA lies in the fact that in 18th- and first half of 19th century Russia the nobility, the Dvoryanstvo, possessed the power to practically do everything they wanted with their serfs. This power was identical to the slave owners in the Southern States of America, also in the 18th- and 19th century. This essay aims at showing how fundamentally different the American and Russian society was, and, ironically, how both contained unfree human beings in miserable conditions. The difficult conditions will be looked at too, and the interesting difference that can be found when comparing the fall of slavery and serfdom will be given so me attention. The research question is then; What were the simmilarities and differences between slavery in the USA and serfdom in the Russian Empire? The topic is worthy of investigation since the effects of slavery and serfdom still affect people living in the USA and Russia today. The United States of America The New World On October 12, 1492, when Columbus (1451-1506) reached land in the West Indies for the first time and met the indigenous people there, he made especially many notations in his log book. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦)they [native people] indicated that people from other nearby islands come to San Salvador [Columbus named the island so] to capture them; they defend themselves the best they can. I believe that people from the mainland come here to take them as slaves  [5]  . Columbus log indicates that the Native American civilizations already consisted of some sort of slavery, unless Columbus own wish to make slaves of them made him misunderstand what they were trying to tell him. Columbus thinking like this is not unreasonable, considering what we can read further in the log: They ought to make good and skilled servants, for they repeat very quickly whatever we say to them and, perhaps most surprisingly I could conquer the whole of them with 50 men, and govern them as I pleased. This was day o ne, not counting the days it took to sail to this new land, and already some sort of prediction about the future of the new continent could be drawn, like in a novel consisting of foreshadowing. This was the beginning of the colonization of the West Indies, and later, the whole Northern- and Southern American continent. Portugal, Britain and France soon joined the scene, and successfully conquered and established themselves in the New World. Because of the cruel enslavement and barbaric behavior of the Spanish conquistadors, but mainly due to the unexpected European diseases like smallpox, typhus, influenza, diphtheria and measles, thereby killing millions upon millions of people  [6]  of the Indians. The tragic result of these biological genocides was the need for more workers, workers that would be found in Africa, and from there be brought to America. The Transatlantic Slave Trade The Bible says that the root of all evil is the love [lust] for money  [7]  . This was the case with the Transatlantic Slave Trade, a fundamental part of the Triangle Trade. This trade moved slaves from Central and Western Africa across the Atlantic Ocean to the West Indies [current Caribbean Islands], Brazil and North-America. It is estimated that about 9.4-12million Africans arrived in the New World from Africa. These were from Ghana and Nigeria, Congol and Angola. They were sold by West African kings and leaders, who often were put on the throne by the European traders themselves: The principal European traders took active part in installing kings who they judged would favour their activities irrespective of whether such kings were acceptable to their subjects  [8]  . Kings sent military expeditions against nearby tribes, captured their people and sold them to the Portuguese. The Portuguese acted out of personal, but also Spanish, need for slaves  [9]  . 10 A group of Africans captured by African slave market suppliers. After being captured, most Africans were separated from their families, men, women and children alike. They were then forced to walk hundreds of kilometres in order to reach the Slave Coast in West Africa, and the Atlantic Ocean. After arrival there, they were stowed together on ships like animals, with almost no place to even turn around, travelling for weeks among the filth of vomit-filled tubs, blood, urin, children crying, women shrieking and the dying groaning in despair. They could feel the stench of death spreading throughout the whole ship. These were the horrors of the Midlle Passage. 11 At any attempt of mutiny or resurrection terrible reprisals were carried out, like on the American ship Kentucky in 1844 where 46 men and one woman were hanged, tortured and mutilated and shot in the breast and the bodies thrown overboardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦sometimes they shot at the body while it still hung living, and all kinds of sport was made of the business  [12]  . One can imagine that the poor survivors of these atrocities asked themselves if the situation could get worse. Nations like Holland, Britain, France and Spain followed up the Portuguese in the triangular trade. When arriving in America the slaves, who were in much smaler numbers than at departure, were sold profitably in auctions and the money was used to by sugar , tobacco and cotton. These raw materials were transported back to the individual countries of Europe and manufactured there. Sugar became rum, cotton textiles, and the tobacco used. To maintain this buisness slave transport ships were sent to West Africa again with products from Europe that were desirable for the merchants and leaders that were settled there. The 13 colonies and slavery Britain, one of the greatest colonising nations, had several colonies all around America from British Honduras [Honduras] in the south to Newfoundland in the north. 13 of these colonies had settled together like neighbours on the North-American continent. These colonies did not differ from others in the matter of slavery. Also here a master could enjoy absolute rights over his property  [13]  . Two of the earliest established colonies, Virginia (1607) and Maryland (1632), were especially determined to repress the blacks, both free and slave. This was mainly due to fear of slave insurrectons, like e.g at St. Domingo [Haiti]. Laws and codes were created, restricting assemblies of black slaves, forbidding escape and travel without pass (Virginia,1705). Any kind of violence against the white owner(s) (or any other white person for that sake) allowed the owner to correct such a slave very physically, and also, if the slave died during this correction, no punishment towards the owner e xisted. It was ()as if such accident never happened.  [14]  (Virginia,1705). Anti miscegenation laws were established (Maryland, 1664), not allowing sexual relations or marriage between people of different races [Declared unconstitutional in 1967]. The penalty for such inter-racial marriages was that the white women who had succumbed to this terrible act, would lawfully become a slave herself, and so any children that she might give birth to. To bear firearm (unless allowed by the owner for protection against the Indians) and witness in court proceedings against any but other blacks was illegal too (Virginia,1639 and Virginia,1705), as well as any excercisement in any ecclesiastic [church], civil or military office (Virginia,1705). Convertion to Christianity through baptism did not change civil rights either (Virginia,1667). Noteably, greatest influence was played by the above partly mentioned Slave Codes of 1705. These subsequently came to serve as models for the other colonies. It was because of these Slave Codes that slaves would be considered by the law as real estate, property, a thing. Due to lack of co-operation and stubborness from the British Parliament and King in former taxual matters concerning the 13 colonies, militia of the New England colony surrounded the city of Boston on April 18th 1775. The attack was a result of a confiscation and arrestation attempt in Concord  [15]  . Armed clashes between the British troops and the colonies began the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). The Second Continental Congress met the same year. This Congress formed the Continental Army and fought the British Army. What is highly relevant to my research question is what the Second Continental Congress did but a year after its gathering. They wrote and signed the most important act in American history, on July 4th 1776. It was the United States Declaration of Independence. Second Continental Congress  [16]   In the second sentence of this document we find the famous words:We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. One could assume that this clear separation from Imperial England and forming of a new nation based upon such beautiful words and honorable ideals must have contributed directly towards abolishment of slavery in the United States of America. The great paradox is that it didnt. Yes, the Revolutional ideas helped the Quakers together with Tomas Jefferson and Luther Martin in their pro-abolishment fight, resulting in illegalisation of slave trade in New York and Pennsylvania, but not much more. South Carolina temporarily illegalized the trade, while Massachusetts were hypocritical in their law by only prohibiting slave trade directly from Africa. Eli Whitneys cotton gin invention strenghtened the economic foundation of slavery in the Southern states and restored the African slave trade in North-America. Apparantly the former made changes affects did not last long. Officially only South Carolina had restored the slave trade, but the rest of the States smuggled in slaves and used them as well. The Bill of Rights (1789), the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution from 1787, guaranteed the white people in the United States that The Congress shal make no Law respecting the Establishment of Religion, or prohibiting the free Exercise thereof; or abridging the Freedom of Speech, or of the Press, or to the Right of the People peaceably assemble  [17]  . Through this they layed down a democratic foundation and example for the whole modern world. The United States should have been quite perfect, only that the great paradoxal and moral problem of slavery due to racism persisted. The Russian Empire Part of the culture Russia as a nation has gone through many changes throughout its history. The Kievan Rus state, which started in the 880s, contained the predecessors of several Slav people and is the oldest Russia we know of. Prince Vladimir (978-1015), a successor of the Kievan Rus crown, converted to Christianity and Eastern Orthodoxy. It was through this conversion and acceptance of Eastern Orthodoxic religion that the Byzantine culture, statecraft and art came to Kievan Rus. These three were mixed with the Slavs culture and thereby created traditions which influenced the rise of the Russian autocratic state  [18]  . Russias autocratic system in the 19th century was therefore quite old. The medieval state of Kievan Rus disintergrated in the end though, starting to divide into principalities in the 12th century because of domestic conflicts. The Mongol-Tartar invasion, starting with an attack in 1223, did not improve the situation. The Mongol-Tartars destroyed Kiev along with many other cities at the time, so that many of the Slav people, mainly peasants, became homeless and had no choice but to move and settle on the land of wealthy Russian princes and nobles. A starting serfdom was therefore partially one of the consequences of the Mongol-Tartar invasion. The peasants-serfs, became attached and dependent upon the mercy of higher ranked Russians. As the Mongol-Tartars power diminished, especially with the defeat at the Battle of Kulikovo (1380), the grand princes of Muscovy [Moscow], had created a strong and wealthy Grand Duchy. Ivan III (ruled 1462-1505), one of the most successful grand princes there, was the first Muscovite ruler to use the titles of tsar and Ruler of all Rus. He had the right to claim it, Muscovy trippled in size under his rule. In order to keep strict order and reject any smaller princes who claimed to rule specific territories, Ivan the III forced all lesser princes, the nobility, to acknowledge him the sole and unquestionable ruler of Muscovy. This would also count for his heirs. Ivan IV  [19]   The formation of the very powerful and autocratic tsardom came to exist. With Ivan IV, grandson of the III, the word autocratic was no longer only a property of an independent ruler, it came to mean unlimited rule. Between 1565 and 1572, under Tsar Ivan the IV [the Terrible], none in Muscovys prosperous and important district was safe. The Tsar, for uncertain reasons, started killing advisers, government officials and the aristocrats (boyars/nobles) The peasants started moving away in fear their problems with unpayed taxes. In order to prevent them from moving, the Tsar started binding them to the land, bringing the russian peasantry closer and closer to legal serfdom. Boris Godunov  [20]   The consequence of such a fools rule was constant chaos from 1598 to 1613. Despite the frequent change of tsars, tsardom itself survived and was consolidated as peasantry went through a gradual enserfment. Boris Godunov (1551-1605), brother-in-law of Ivan IVs mentally ill heir to the throne, practically became the Tsar of Russia from 1584-1605. In 1597 a decree made by him to attach peaseants to the land on which they lived and worked with was set out. Peasants could no longer move from one landlord to another as they wanted. This was done in order to keep rural stability in Russia. Godunov formed serfdon in its most oppressive form, while at the same time the rest of Europe was getting rid of domestic serfdom. The Legal Code of 1649, which further legalised the attachment of serfs to the land, came about because the state prepared the serfs with land as presents of compensation for the new nobilities, the Dvoryanstvo, but also presents for acts of loyality and military service  [21]  The main factor in this development was the governments central bureaucracy, which had expanded significantly by the 1650s. There were many peasants who tried to run away, becoming fugitives. Anyhow, thousands upon thousands of Russians became enserfed and controlled by other Russians. It was in racial aspects different than the situation of the African slaves in the US. But, like slaves in America, the now legimite serfs also started making riots, some more serious than others. The tsar and the government managed to keep their power though, through the nobility, the Russian Orthodox Church and autocracy. Backwardness Peter the Great (1672-1725) indirectly separated the Russian serfs culturally from the Dvoryanstwo through his westernisation of Russia. He forced the nobility to wear Western dresses, tastes and social customs, splitting the Dvoryanstvo with serfdom even more. In 18th century Russia metallurgical and textile industries used serf labour, and practically all of agriculture used serfs. It was possible to maintain the country with this system of serfs, but from then on Imperial Russia would be backwarded compared to Western Europe with its Industrial Revolution. Russian serfs Russias westernisation was based upon the governing elites of Western Europe like e.g in France, but in 1789 with the French Revolution at hand, the Russian Tsar would not and could not keep contact with countries like France. When Tsar Nikolas I came to the throne he thought that all contact with Western Europe had to be sensured or stopped. The central tool of the Tsar was His Imperial Majestys Private Chancery. The Third Section was in charge of state security. Tsar Nicholas I (1825-1855) was especially afraid of revolts against him because of the Decembrist revolt in 1825. This was a military protest in St. Petersburg by Russian army officers and intellectuals who had been affected by liberalism in Western Europe, deriving mainly from France through the Napoleonic Wars. These officers had realised the backwardness of Tsarist autocracy, and now sought to abolish serfdom, as an obstacle to economic prosperity, and modernize Russia through western technical and philosophical ideas. This was, ironically, the same thing that Peter I had wanted to do. The problem this time was that the Tsars autocracy was at stake. Nikolas I regarded the West as his personal enemies, and therefore ordered the Third Section of his Chancery to use censorship and surveillance methods in order to strictly limit reports of events in Western Europe and to suppress criticism of domestic social conditions. The criticism revealed itself through works of people like Alexander Pushkin and Pyotr Chaadaev, but also through the plays of Nikolai Gogol, who satirised the institution of serfdom in his novel Dead Souls. This is highly similar to what was happening in the USA, where Slave narratives like Uncle Toms Cabinand other literary publications were written by the pro-abolitionists. These works were not censored like in Russia, due to the First Amendment in the United States Constitution Bill of Rights where it is written: Congress shall make no law(à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦)abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press. This also clearly shows how completely different the American and Russian society was. In 1858 there were 22.5 million serfs in the Russian countryside. Another 19 million where tied to lands owned by the state. 41.5 million out of a 74 million population  [22]  . The everyday life of a slave and serf in the 19th century While the white americans in the last part of the 19th century enjoyed a better standard of living than any other people on earth  [23]  , the black americans suffering was below criticism. In Russia conditions were of the medieval kind. The North of the USA was more industrialised, while the South continued their traditional farming. Of course, there was much farming in the North as well, but due to the industry they posessed, they produced almost 90% of the nations manufactured output in the 1850s. Slavery therefore existed only in the South, were there was a supposed need for it. In some defence of the South, only 25% of Southern families owned slaves. In Russia on the other hand, the whole country was based upon the vast countryside. Little industry existed, thus keeping Russian serfs intact on the fields. The number of serfs was naturally greater than the number of slaves. At least in the beginning of the 19th century auctioning was less brutal. Now dealers and owners advised against splitting up families. It still happened though, and many family members never saw each other again. The splitting up of families ended in Russia with a law of 1833. Most of the slaves were put to do the hard physical work on the cotton fields and farms. The white owners were most often performing hard work themselves, but the slaves were always inferior to them because in need for money slaves could be sold. In Russia the nobility didnt have to do the hard physical work. The simple and inferior serfs where to do it. Many slaves turned to Christianity and faith in God. In Russia, where the serfs were mainly Orthodox, the Church told people to withstand their hard conditions patiently. Still many, quite understandably, protested against their owners both through resistance to work and violence against them. In the US this often resulted in a visit to the Lashing House. The Lasher was a legally-appointed functionary to whom slaves were sent with just a letters notice from the owner as to how many lashes the slave was to recieve. This show that even though few people owned slaves in the South, most of them accepted it to rather big extents. Emancipations compared The abolishment of slavery in the USA and the emancipation of the serfs in Russia happened as a consequence of two wars. The American Civil War (1861-1865), where the blacks proved themselves through great acts of courage and valour, and the Crimean War (1853-1856), where Russian serf soldiers, even though brave, could not defeat the Western modern troops of Britain and France. The Civil War was to a significant extent the result of tensions between pro- and anti-slavery states, and as the war progressed slavery became the main theme. The Crimean War was the war of one supposed very strong power, Russia, verses Britain and France. Autocracy and serfdom against democracy and industrialisation. I find it very interesting to at this moment observe how the Civil War was about the neccesity of victory to abolish slavery, while the Crimean War resulted in defeat and pre-unintendedly led to emancipation of the serfs as the beginning of tremendous reforms. Note also that both wars and emancipations occurred at approximately the same time. Conclusion When we look upon how the United States of America and the Russian Empire came to be, there are practically no similarities, except the law making which defined slaves and serfs. By the mid-19th century slaves and serfs possesed almost the same identical status in their societies, which meant not possesing anything at all. The ethnical difference between slaves and serfs thus loses any significance. Both groups where human beings being oppressed by other human beings who acknowledged themselves as being superior. The everyday life of slaves and serfes were both characterised by bad conditions with practically no legal protection. Both slaves and serfs tried some form of riots, both groups consisted of runaways, and physical punishment happened if the owner wasnt satisfied. Suspicion and mistrust was an everyday reality. Both groups experienced auctioning and splitting up of families. Slaves and serfs alike were needed for agricultur in the rural parts of their respective countries. Slave and serf were understood to be inferior to their owners. There was, in quantity, more serfdom in Russia than there was slavery in the US, but in quality they experienced the same discrimination and unrightousness. Even though the slaves came from Africa, and lived as a minority in the USA, they ended up fighting like true heroes for their freedom in the American Civil War. The serfs of Russia where no minority, but actually the majority. They were Russians in bondage. A final comparing of slavery and serfdom would be to try to find out wheter it was worse in the USA or in Russia. I have come to the conclusion that it would be unwise to do so. Both systems consisted of people doing terrible acts against fellow people, black or white doesnt matter. This is also what we should learn from this history, and enlighen ourselves minds to fight this kind of atrocity to ever happen again.

Effects On Support Networks Health And Social Care Essay

Discoursing about sexual wellness in older people is a hard subject in both professional wellness attention and patient because most aged people might experience abashed. Besides they would prefer physicians to present about sexual issues to them instead than they discuss it by them self. In this essay will place definition and history of gender in aging people. Recent statistic, physical changed and affects older individual ‘s life styles psychological and other are explained. Some support services are recommended. Sex in senior groups are focused because most immature people still misunderstand about sex and gender in older people lives.Definition and HistoryDefinition of gender is an ability of people to hold feeling and give love to each other to develop and hold a positive mentality about sexual activity. In add-on, responsible determination about physical, emotional and societal facets should be made ( Henry and McNab 2003 ) .HistoryIn an earlier common stereotype and myt hs which, people assumed that when a natural physical and emotional of older people have changed they lost sexual desires and they do non hold ability to do love and have sex any longer. Besides it was hard to discourse openly among physician and patient ( Henry and McNab 2003 ) . However, sex and gender among senior groups have become more widely discussed than the past, written by Gott ( 2004 ) .Recent StatisticssA 2007 study of sex older among grownups reported in Lindau, et Al. ( 2007 ) involved over 3,000 work forces and adult females. Its figures show that 73 % of older grownups aged 57 to 64 were sexually active. 53 % of those aged 65 to 74 were so, whilst merely 26 % of those between the ages of 75 to 85 were sexually active. The study besides showed that it was non merely healthy work forces ( 81 % ) and healthy adult females ( 51 % ) who were being sexually active in the old 12 months but 47 % of work forces and 26 % of adult females in hapless wellness were besides sexual ly active. Furthermore, older people in the 50 – 70 age group seem to hold more sex spouses and likely to travel back to dating than the last decennary. In add-on, Australian survey was reported from the mid-1990s of age 80, 8 % of adult females and 29 % of work forces were still holding sex. ( Minichiello and Hawkes 2011 ) . Furthermore, Lindau, et Al. ( 2007 ) besides found some aging people suffered from sexual jobs, the most common being erectile troubles in work forces ( 37 % ) and low desire ( 43 % ) , vaginal waterlessness ( 39 % ) and inability to culminate ( 34 % ) among the adult females surveyed. In add-on, less than 50 % both work forces and adult females had discussed sex with a doctor since they had become 50 old ages old. One surprising statistic found by the same writers was that sexually transmitted infections have been increasing among those of older age. Somes and Donatelli ( 2012 ) study that human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infections are increasing faster in the group aged over 50 old ages than group ages under 40 old ages during the period 2000 to 2009. Syphilis, herpes, chlamydia and venereal warts have besides seen the largest rates of addition among those aged 45 to 64 old ages during the same period.PhysiologyHarmonizing to My physician for a healthy Australia ( 2010 ) natur al physical difference in organic structure form and size among older work forces and adult females can sometimes impact their ability to hold and bask sex. A study by Laumann et Al. ( 2005 ) of the sexual jobs among over 26,000 work forces and adult females aged 40-80 from 29 states found a scope of sexual jobs. One such alteration for both sexes is that is reasonably normal is that sexual rousing might happen less frequently and more easy. Work force may endure from erectile disfunction ( ED ) , which is the hard-ons tend to be less house, less seeds is ejaculated and necessitate more clip for subsequent hard-ons ( Henry and McNab 2003 ) . However Viagra and several medicines are available for work forces to execute or keep a sufficient hard-on for sexual activity. On the other manus, reduced degrees of estrogen among older adult females after climacteric may do some of them to see vaginal waterlessness ( Mayo Clinic 2011 ) . Besides, decrepit vagina contractions and lower organic structure engagement during climax might happen. Equally good as cause other emotional alterations associated with reduced sensitiveness, and response sexual libido ( Henry and McNab 2003 ) . Furthermore, a scope of chronic unwellnesss such as relate to the cardiovascular system, high blood force per unit area, diabetes, hormonal jobs, depression or anxiousness, and the side effects of some medicines and surgeries may besides do sexual trouble among older grownups..Effectss on the AgedSex effects in aged people, reported by Henry and McNab ( 2003 ) . Performance anxiousness and depression symptoms are common in both work forces and adult females in progress age. This is related to societal isolation and lead to loss of libido, which may do sexual disfunction or reduces sexual desire. Aged people feel guilty to hold sexual activity outside of matrimony. In add-on, widows or widowmans may experience blameworthy to get down a new relationship because they feel perfidiously. Although o lder work forces still have pleasant visual aspect crucial to their felicity, the feeling of wellbeing in adult females is reduced. As the consequence sexual activity in adult females has decreased earlier than work forces. Beside some older grownup experienced that the environment which they live might tie in with their sexual-life as good. For illustration, an aided life, long-run attention installation or nursing place, this is consequence to their privateness. Besides the unequal figure of sexes in aging people could increase the trouble for work forces and adult females to attach to and develop their relationship particularly with the opposite sex in those topographic points.Effectss on the Support NetworksChanges in the gender of an older individual will besides hold impacts on others, particularly their spouse and carer. When people become older they barely to speak with each other about sex, even though they still enjoy or used to bask the sex ( Keutz 1995 ) . Some of aging people loss assurance because of their physical and organic structure form has changed. Besides the relationship go more strain related to endocrine degrees or emotional changed, it might greatly happen after climacteric which is related to desire of gender. Furthermore, some older twosomes might hold statement more regularly which could non merely cut down familiarity between their relationships but besides decrease their sexual desires. In add-on, professional wellness attention might see a trouble covering with temper swing of their aged patients. It can sometimes be difficult to understand why the older client is non get bying good with ripening, because alterations in gender are frequently non discussed at all ( Funnel, Koutoukidis & A ; Lawrence, 2009 ) .Support servicesSupport services associating to gender for older grownups are available both as books and online. For illustration, the book Sex Over 50 by Block and Bakos ( 1999 ) was written for the turning group of aging Am ericans who are looking for professional, practical advice on how to do the passage to deeper, richer, more sophisticated sexual relationships. Similarly, the book Sexuality, Sexual Health and Ageing ( Gott 2005 ) explains the issues and experiences that may happen in the sexual activities of older grownups. In footings of on-line resources, the American Psychological Association ( APA ) is the largest scientific and professional organisation psychological science supports in the United States. Their mission is to progress the creative activity, communicating and application of psychological cognition to profit society and better people ‘s lives ( American Psychological Association 2013 ) . Relevant web pages from their on-line resources include Clay ‘s ( 2012 ) â€Å" Later-Life Sexual activity † which outlines how to Assessing older people ‘s sex lives, Get the better ofing challenges and Coping after malignant neoplastic disease. In add-on, over 9,000 org anisations together form the International Council on Active Aging ( ICAA ) , organizing professionals working for the benefit of older grownups in footings of their the retirement, assisted life, fittingness, rehabilitation and health ( ICAA 2012 ) . More locally, the Western Australian Center for Health and Ageing ( WACHA ) is an administration that helps back up and improves the lives of aged people, prevent the beginning of disenabling unwellnesss and happen better ways to handle the common diseases for them ( Western Australian Center for Health and Ageing 2012 ) . Relevant web pages from their on-line resources that relate to sexuality include its â€Å" Healthy Sex Life Not Merely for the Young † ( Western Australian Center for Health and Ageing 2012 ) . This is utile because this intelligence was explained about sexual activity in older people which is of import for immature people to understand about it.DecisionIn decision, this easy has shown that, gender is a capacity of experiencing love nevertheless in progress aged it hard to discourse between physicians and patients. Many people believed that when people become older their sexual desires are decreased and unable to do love any more. On the other manus, older grownups in both healthy and unhealthy over 50 old ages old were still sexually active. Nevertheless, physical changed such as organic structure form and size may impact their ability to hold sex. Some older work forces might endure from erectile disfunction besides adult females may see vagina waterlessness which related to sexual libido decreasing. Furthermore, some chronic unwellness may cut down ability to bask sex. Not merely physical changed but besides mood swing or depression symptom could impact aged people to hold a trouble sex-life. In add-on, sometimes it hard for wellness attention profession to understand older people as good. Many support beginnings and services are available for older people.

Universal Human Rights And Universal Rights - 1312 Words

Universal human rights are those that apply to everyone no matter where they come from, who they are or what they do. They are held by the individual person and protect them from other people and/or collectives (Bell,1999). Human rights instruments found today are also compared to those in religions and ancient civilisations that have contributed towards the understanding of human dignity (James, 2007). There are many arguments on whether human rights are universally achievable and if they have already been achieved. This essay will put forward different perspectives on this issue. Such as how the claimed universal human rights are not universal, why they are not, and solutions to this issue to help them become achievable. The issue of†¦show more content†¦Even though countries of the world have adopted these crucial rights that are universal, it does not mean they can continue to agree on a much wider range of rights to universally adopt. However, this also does not prohibit the possibility of this happening. On the other hand, just because all countries agreed to these rights, human rights violations still occur off the record and while institutions such as ‘Amnesty International’ and ‘Human Rights Watch’ try to expose these instance of abuse, this does not stop the situation occur, leaving these rights not actually universal at all because not everyone’s rights are respected (Bell, 1999). Author Charles Taylor, thinks that the ‘thin’ list of current universal rights should be expanded. He thinks participants in a cross-cultural dialogue should remain impartial to try a reconcile differences and allow for more agreed up universal rights to be established (Bell, 1999). If this was to occur, then this would allow for the possibility for completely universal human rights to be established as people from different cultures with different views and ideologies would be able to come to some sort of agreement on what these rights should be. Charles Taylor states â€Å"we should agree on the norms while disagreeing on why they were the right norms, and we should be content to live in this consensus,Show MoreRelatedHuman Rights : Universal Rights1679 Words   |  7 PagesHuman rights are universal rights that we are entitled to. It is a freedom that is guaranteed based on the principle of respect for an individual. As mentioned in the preamble of the Universal De claration of Human Rights, human rights are a â€Å"recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all member of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world† (Kent, page 80). 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Air Battle Manager - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 552 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2018/12/15 Category Politics Essay Type Descriptive essay Level High school Tags: Job Essay Did you like this example? An air battle manager (ABM) is a specially trained officer meticulously trained to match their highly demanding job. They are expected to carry out very crucial duties in the Air force and are therefore expected to be sharp and very keen. Their main functions are effect controlling of assigned forces, planning, organizing and directing operations. He is also in charge conducting the tactical missions and air defense, the sensor system management and operation management like the data link. He or she is further entitled to supervise the staff and provide technical advice where it is required. It is also his or her duty to supervise the mission crew activities. The air battle manager is the one in charge of selecting and employing the combat, surveillance, data link and reporting management systems. He also interprets specific commands into procedural guidance for the controller actions. The ABM is also in charge of evaluating the readiness of the support equipments. He also advises the commander on the readiness of forces based the status records. He is the one in charge of conducting lying and other simulated exercises to evaluate readiness. The ABM also establishes the procedures and monitoring implementations of squadrons programs and policies. He is the one who conducts and adjusts the training plans and programs so as to meet the mission requirements. These are among of the many duties the ABM carries out in the air force. An air battle manager should exude exemplary leadership skills such that he can fit into the leadership position without coaxing his or her subject to a difficult life. A good air battle manager should be a good time keeper, so that he can go through his daily duties he has to develop a routine which he must follow toughly so as to avoid leaving some duties unattended to. He or she should be a good team builder since he is expected to build forces in the base he should be able to join different people together based on their abilities and they make a good air force team. He or she should be patient this is to avoid making hasty decisions which would have very catastrophic outcomes. He or she should be humane or kind, he should not risk the lives of his men in places he cannot go himself therefore should not experiment with the lives of the others. Similarly, he should be able to think critically and make crucial decisions when in a dilemma since he has the duty to run operations and a situation can arise at any time. Those are the leadership an ABM should harbor. An air battle manager is expected to have a deployment every six months in a year which do not last for long they are mostly deployed for some special and specific missions. This is because they fall under the group band E whose tempo is based on the mission availability or in case of a sudden change. The temporary duty assignment is usually offered and the air battle manager can return to his duties when it is over it is commonly done for to help an under manned post or for the officers to attend school for further studies. Therefore these are the tempo standing of an air battle manager the post I am applying for. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Air Battle Manager" essay for you Create order