Friday, May 22, 2020

Who Was the Spanish Modernist Antoni Gaudí

Antoni Gaudà ­ (born June 25, 1852) was Spains genius architect who combined sculpted designs with new building technologies well before computers made it seem easy. Leading the Spanish Modernist movement, Gaudà ­ has been linked with Gothicism (sometimes called warped Gothicism), Art Nouveau, and Surrealism. He was also influenced by Oriental styles, nature, sculpture, and a desire to go beyond anything that had ever been done before. Defying labels, Antoni Gaudà ­s work might be simply called Gaudà ­-ism. Born Antoni Plà  cid Guillem Gaudà ­ Cornet  somewhere in Catalonia, possibly Baix Camp, Tarragona, Spain, the young Gaudi was stricken with a rheumatic problem that made walking painful. He often missed school and had little interaction with other children, but he had ample time to study nature. While seeking his degree in architecture at Escuela Tà ©cnica Superior de Arquitectura in Barcelona, Gaudà ­ also studied philosophy, history, and economics. He came to believe that differences in architecture were caused by society and politics, rather than aesthetics. Gaudà ­ was granted the title of Architect and presented his first major project, the Matarà ³ Cooperative (a housing project for factory workers), at the Paris World Fair in 1878. Far ahead of his time, only a small portion of the project was actually built, but Gaudà ­s name became known. He soon met Eusebi Gà ¼ell, who would become a very close friend as well as a patron. This meeting was extremely fortuitous as Gà ¼ell trusted his friends genius completely and never limited or tried to change the architects vision during his many projects. In 1883, Gaudà ­ began work on his greatest project, the Sagrada Familia, a Barcelona church whose construction was started in 1882 by Francisco de Paula del Villar. For nearly 30 years, Gaudà ­ worked on Sagrada Familia and other projects simultaneously, until 1911, when he decided to devote himself exclusively to the church. During the last year of his life, Gaudà ­ lived in his studio at the construction side of Sagrada Familia. Tragically, in June 1926, Gaudà ­ was run over by a tram. Because he was poorly dressed, he was not recognized and taxi drivers refused to take a vagabond to the hospital — they were later fined by the police. Gaudà ­ died five days later, on June 12, 1926, and was buried in the crypt of the building to which he had devoted 44 years of his life, the as-yet unfinished Sagrada Familia. During Gaudà ­s lifetime, official organizations rarely recognized his talent. The City of Barcelona often tried (unsuccessfully) to stop or limit Gaudà ­s work because it exceeded city regulations, and the only project the City ever assigned him was that of designing streetlights. He received the Building of the Year award for his least impressive building, Casa Calvet. Important Buildings Gaudis portfolio of architecture is a study in how the world moved into modernism, from the 19th to 20th centuries. The natural shape of the entrance gate to Finca Miralles (1901-1902) reminds the Barcelona tourist of how Art Nouveau moved the arts to modernism. Casa Calvet (1898-1900) with its sculpted ironwork and spiraling columns seems to take on a more Baroque flavor, not to be outdone by the famous Casa Milà   (1906-1910), also known as La Pedrera; with its sculpted walls, La Pedrera could easily be confused as a modernist early work of Frank Gehry or a parametric design of Zaha Hadid. Casa Vicens (1883-1888) in Barcelona and El Capricho (1883-1885) in Comillas are two of Gaudis earliest works, expressing the colors and elaborate tile work that would define his later work, such as Casa Batllà ³ (1904-1906) and the projects for Eusebi Gà ¼ell, such as Palau Gà ¼ell (1886-1890) and Parque Gà ¼ell (1900-1914) in Barcelona. In contrast, the focus of Gaudis Colegio Teresiano (1888-1890) in Barcelona is less on color and more on exaggerating the Gothic arch, bending it into a parabola. The neo-Gothic  Casa Botines (1891-1892) in nearby Leà ³n takes on a similar approach. Gaudi began work on Sagrada Familia in 1882, and it is still under construction. The Sagrada Familia School (1908-1909) was built for the children of the workers. Influences Observation of an artists lifes work gives some indication of artistic influences, even for a man as ecclectic as Antoni Gaudà ­. As already mentioned, Gaudi was aware of the artists on the cusp of modernism and surrealism. At the same time, he was cognizant of neo-Gothicism, Eugà ¨ne Viollet-le-Duc, and medieval French architecture. Feeling the effects of the Industrial Revolution, Gaudi embraced the back to natural things movement advanced by William Morris, especially buying into John Ruskins sentiment that Ornament is the origin of architecture. Gaudi was influenced by the shapes-taken-from-nature stylings of Art Nouveau and became one of the first designers of Organic architecture. He played with color, geometry, and was shaped by his study of Oriental structures. The basis of Gaudà ­s inspiration In his later years was more personal — his religion and Catalan nationalism directed his later works. Legacy UNESCO World Heritage Centre sites seven Spanish properties designed by Gaudi for Outstanding Universal Value. The Works of Antoni Gaudà ­, sites UNESCO, ...is an exceptional creative synthesis of several 19th-century artistic schools, such as the Arts and Crafts movement, Symbolism, Expressionism, and Rationalism, and is directly associated with the cultural apogee of Catalonia. Gaudà ­ also presaged and influenced many forms and techniques of 20th-century Modernism. Although his works are considered eclectic and personal, Gaudi is best-known for the exceptional creative contribution of this architect to the development of architecture and construction technology in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Quotes Attributed to Antoni Gaudà ­ Originality consists of returning to the origin. Thus, originality means returning, through ones resources, to the simplicity of the early solutions.Everything comes from the great book of nature.Artists do not need monuments erected for them because their works are their monuments. Sources Gaudi Barcelona Club at www.gaudiclub.com/Gaudi 2002 at www.gaudi2002.bcn.es/english/index.htmGaudà ­ and Art Nouveau in Catalonia at www.gaudiallgaudi.com/Works of Antoni Gaudà ­, UNESCO, http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/320

Friday, May 8, 2020

Sigmund Freud The Field Of Psychology - 1924 Words

One of the most profound intellectuals in the field of psychology is Sigmund Freud. Though many may have never even heard his name, he is a well-respected and studied asset to modern day psychology history and teachings. Sigmund Freud, born on May 6th 1856 in Freiberg, Austria, was a prominent neurologist and psychiatrist. Born into a Jewish family originally from Bohemia, then forced to flee to Vienna, Freud showed his intelligence and thirst for knowledge at an early age reading Shakespeare at as young as eight years old. Being the curious mind and character he was, he shared his time within several different subjects that intrigued him. Some of these subjects include law, philosophy and particularly the field of medicine. After finishing high school at the age of 17, he decided to further his education in medicine, with a focus on the nervous system, and inevitably achieved his medical degree in 1881. Although Freud was excelling in medical and biological studies, he eventually gave up his career in academia to open up his own practice where he became fascinated with psychological disorders. Freud joined the French neurologist Professor Jean-Martin Charcot in Paris in 1985, where he excelled in his work on hysteria and became familiar with hypnosis. With world and society progressing due to the abundance of intellectuals claiming their fame to fame, Sigmund Freud distinguished him-self with his by developing a new medical discipline known as psychoanalysis. Due to a lackShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychoanalysis1339 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud Biographic Description of Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg (currently known as Czech Republic). Freud is best known as the founder of psychoanalysis, which entails a scientific analysis of unpacking unconscious conflicts based on free associations, fantasies, and dreams of the patient. He was among the greatest psychologists of the 20th century, and his legacy lasts up to now. While young (4 years old), his family relocated to Vienna where he lived andRead MoreMoore 1. Kristen Moore. Mrs. Kristy French. English Iii1443 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Relevancy of Freudian Psychology When one unintentionally says something that reveals their thoughts, this is known as a Freudian Slip. When one is being uptight and hostile, they are said to be acting â€Å"anal.† If one witnesses something embarrassing, they claim they hope to repress the memory. If one is a moody, maladaptive worrywart, they are said to be neurotic. All of these common colloquial terms go back to a 19th-20th century psychologist named Sigmund Freud. 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Freud Sigmund was not only among the Freudian to build credibility in psychology field, this is because Anna Freud-her youngest daughter took career in psychology and made important contributions in the history of psychology. The paper will discuss the background of Anna, her theoretical perspective, and th e contributions she made to the field of psychologyRead MoreAnna Freud. Bio Essay1357 Words   |  6 PagesAnna Freud The philosophic contributions to the formal discipline of psychology have primarily been dominated by male visionaries, but many notable women pioneered a role in the history of psychology between 1850 and 1950. Sigmund Freud was not the only Freudian to establish credibility in the field of psychology, as his youngest daughter Anna Freud pursued a career in psychology and made significant historic contributions. Anna’s background, theoretical perspective, and contributions to theRead MoreAnna Freuds Role in the History of Psychology1527 Words   |  7 PagesAnna Freud, born in 1895, was the daughter of Sigmund Freud, the well-known founder of psychology and the psychoanalytic theory. Anna Freud’s work with her father and his friends and associates as well as her own personal studies, curiosities, and analyses lead her to cofound psychoanalytic child psychology. An appealing woman who did not have much of a formal education, Anna Freud, had an extensive background in psychology, an interesting theoretical perspective, and many contributions to theRead MorePsychoanalysis : The Height Of Academia Essay1635 Words   |  7 Pagespsychoanalysis wouldn’t exactly put it on a pedestal to measure my work against†¦ Sigmund Freud: What are you proposing? Is Psychoanalysis not the height of academia in your time? 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Although only parts of his theory of psychosexual development are still accepted by mainstream psychologists, Freuds theory of the Oedipal Complex has become a culturalRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1222 Words   |  5 Pagesof Europe, an Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis named Sigmund Freud constructed an original approach to the understanding of human psychology. Prior to the founding of psychoanalysis, mental illness was thought to come from some kind of deterioration or disease rooted in the brain. The certitude that physical diseases of the brain induced mental illness signified that psychological origins were disregarded. Freud insisted on studying the topic hoping to change the way society thoughtRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1283 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud (1856-1939), is a pioneer in the field of psychology in various ways. His dedication to his field helped shape the minds of many nineteen-century contemporary schools of thought. Most notably, Freud’s work in psychoanalytic theory, according to Tan (2011) earned him the title of, â€Å"father of psychoanalysis† (p. 322). Moreover, Tan Taykeyesu (2011) report that Freud’s genius is not just in psychoanalysis, but also when we â€Å"think Oedipus complex, infantile sexuality, and repression†

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Henry VIII Free Essays

After a little debate, Henry became the new Duke of Cornwall in October 502, and the new Prince od Wales and Earl of Chester In February 1503. Henry VII gave the boy few tasks. Young Henry was strictly supervised and did not appear In public. We will write a custom essay sample on Henry VIII or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result, the young Henry would later ascend the throne â€Å"untrained in the exacting art of kingship†. Henry VII engeded his youner son with Artur’s widow Henry VII died on 22 April 1509, and the young Henry succeeded him as king, adopting the regnal name of Henry VIII. He married Chaterlne of Aragon In June 11 1 509 and in June 24 they were crowned in Westminister Hall. Henriks first moves as a ew ruler were showing out that his government is different from the reign of his father. First he removed the removed the leading figures in the government of Henry VII. And then on the International plans started to take a dfferent policy of peaceful policy of his father. Henry thought of himself as warrior king. He entered into an alliance with some European countries against France, against which he was at war. He personally led expeditions against France defeating the at the Battle of the Spurs 1 513th, but the war Is finally concluded peace agreement 1514th year. He Involved England In the then European polltlcal trends and events as Important, If not decisive, factor. Wars, however, with its cost of production of a number of cannons new fortifications and created serious financial problems. Trying to 1525th introduce a â€Å"friendly support† for funding Henrik’s foreign policy has led to the outbreak of disorder and gave up extra tax. As Reformation appeared on the continent Henrik turned his policy to the Pope so he enacted the The Defense of the Seven Sacraments 1521st , which contradicts ideas and theses of the reformist Martin Luther, which defend the foundations of Catholic teaching , and thats why Pope Leo X. Gave him the title of â€Å"Defender of the Faith† (Defensor fidel) Henry was a very versatile person, interested in sports, also had good skill in music and poet. At his court ruled progressive and innovative spirit of the Renaissance, in science and art. Inspired by the discovery of the New World he order to draw up, for that time, the latest map of the world. His reign was characterized by a distinct legislative actlvlty which has left behind many laws such as the laws in wales act in 1536. England plugged in Wales, and the English language has become the only official in the province, despite the fact that most of the population speak Welsh. Among the laws which were passed during the reign of Henrik many were controversial such as the Buggery Act which was the first law against sodomy, Witchcraft Act which punished and prosecuted witches, and the His reign was characterized by a distinct legislative 1 OF3 England plugged in Wales, and the English language has become the only official in the province, despite the fact that most of the population speak Welsh. Among the laws that were passed during the reign of Henrik many were controversial such as the Buggery Act which was the first law against sodomy, Witchcraft Act which punished and prosecuted witches, The first Act of Supremacy was a piece of legislation that granted King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy, which means that he was declared the supreme head of the Church of England. It is still the legal authority of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. and the Treasons act from the 1 534th in which the term is issued and extended into words not only on offense. This Act was passed after the Act of Supremacy 1 534, which made the king the â€Å"Only Head of the Church of England on Earth. † Marriages Henry’s private life was often involves with state affairs and politics. His desire to have a male heir, and married life were intimately affected on current and future foreign and domestic policy of England, and the place of England in religion and relations with the head of the Catholic Church Pope. Catherine of Aragon was pregnant with Henry seven times , but only survived child,was a daughter, Mary . Henry , however, desperately wanted a male heir , ecause he believed that only a son can provide continuity to the English throne . In the beginning, while he was married with Catherine had two mistresses , Mary Boleyn and Elizabeth Blount , but fell in love with Mary’s sister, Anne Boleyn . When he realized that Katherine (later 1536. Died of cancer ) will no longer be able to have children , overcome by his desire to get a son , and the only way to legally get with Anne Boleyn was by divorcing from Catherine. So he tried to persuade Pope Clement VII . to annul his marriage to Catherine . At first hesitant , Pope 1529th under ressure from the Spanish king Charles V. refuses to meet Henry’s request. Although still 1521st by Pope Leo X. received the title † Defender of the Faith † , Henrik decided to ignore papal rejection and January 25 1533rd The arbitrary Marries Anne Boleyn , setting prior to canterburyiJskog Archbishop Thomas Cranmer , who agreed to do a wedding. Papa was soon excommunicated Henry , and this in turn summoned the parliament in which passed the Law on the leadership (the Act of Supremacy in 1 534 . ) , According to which the head of state and church , called the Anglican , is king . After the break with Rome and the independence of the Anglican Church dissolved all monasteries and confiscated their property. Anna Boleyn was pregnant several times, but gave birth to Henry’s daughter Elizabeth, instead of so much desired son. Therefore, it is soon due to Henry’s favor, since he began to devote all his attention to Jane Seymour, and how he wanted to get a legitimate son had to get a divorce from Anne Boleyn. Thats whay in 1536. she was accused of witchcraft, adultery and incest with her brother, and was convicted and executed by beheading in the same year. o gave a birth to his son Edward 1537th and died twelve days after his birth. Henrik was deeply hurted because he felt of Jane as of his â€Å"only true woman† who gave him desperately desired son and heir. 1540th The Henry remarried, with sister of his ally in conflict with the Pope, the Duke of Cleves, Anne of Cleves. Although it is believed that Ana unattractive, he married her for pragmat ic political reasons, but never had any kind of marital relationship and the marriage was annulled on the grounds as never consumed and Ana of Cleves was given the title of the King’s sister. Earl of Essex, who arranged the marriage was convicted and executed by beheading. On July 28 . 1540, the same day when Earl of Essex was executed, Henry married Catherine Howard, cousin of Anne Boleyn. In the begining Henry was enthusiastic about her because of her youth (she was barely sixteen). But Catherine soon cheated Henry with a courtier, and the marriage was annulled, and Catherine was executed in February 1542nd at the age of eighteen. Henrik’s last wife was Catherine Parr, rich Protestants who married Henry in 1543. ar and who is responsible for reconciling Henry with his daughters, Mary. and Elizabeth, who earlier marriages canceling their mothers with Henry, were excluded from the succession and are therefore again become possible heir to the English throne. It is assumed, although never proven, that Henry suffered from syphilis, which probably led to his death in the castle Whitehall on January 28 1547. and was succeeded by his son Edward. His life and reign was d escribed by William Shakespeare in his historical drama Henry VIII. How to cite Henry VIII, Papers