Slavery In USA And Serfdom In Russia

Slavery In USA And Serfdom In Russia Slavery, condition in which one human being is owned by another  [1]  , has been part of countless civilizations since the dawn of Mankind. From the fields and mines of Ancient Mesopotamia, through great Rome and sophistic Greece, and all the way until just but a century ago in America and Russia, slavery was a basic foundation of the society. In its beginning, and several times since, slaves were kept almost as family members, but mostly they were put to do the hard, physical work. Slavery was always weld together with the economy of the owners, be it civilians or the monarch crown. Even today some slavery still exists. We might hear and read about evil criminality referred to as human trafficking, forced prostitution, child soldiers, forced and bonded labour and the use of children in international drug trade, children labour  [2]  . Also Conservative estimates indicate that at least 27million people, in places as diverse as Nigeria, Indonesia and Brazil, live in conditions of forced bondage  [3]  . International organizations like the UN, with its Anti-Slavery Commission, still fight to abolish these modern remains of slavery. In our everyday life language we tend to say that we are slaves of our work, our money or some other materialistic need. Fortunately slavery in its ancient and medieval context has been abolished in practically the whole world. Serfdom, condition in medieval Europe in which a tenant farmer was bound to a hereditary plot of land and to the will of his landlord  [4]  , differs principally from slavery in the fact that serfs obtained their subsistence by cultivating a plot of land that was owned by a lord. The reason for then comparing serfdom in the Russian Empire with slavery in the USA lies in the fact that in 18th- and first half of 19th century Russia the nobility, the Dvoryanstvo, possessed the power to practically do everything they wanted with their serfs. This power was identical to the slave owners in the Southern States of America, also in the 18th- and 19th century. This essay aims at showing how fundamentally different the American and Russian society was, and, ironically, how both contained unfree human beings in miserable conditions. The difficult conditions will be looked at too, and the interesting difference that can be found when comparing the fall of slavery and serfdom will be given so me attention. The research question is then; What were the simmilarities and differences between slavery in the USA and serfdom in the Russian Empire? The topic is worthy of investigation since the effects of slavery and serfdom still affect people living in the USA and Russia today. The United States of America The New World On October 12, 1492, when Columbus (1451-1506) reached land in the West Indies for the first time and met the indigenous people there, he made especially many notations in his log book. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦)they [native people] indicated that people from other nearby islands come to San Salvador [Columbus named the island so] to capture them; they defend themselves the best they can. I believe that people from the mainland come here to take them as slaves  [5]  . Columbus log indicates that the Native American civilizations already consisted of some sort of slavery, unless Columbus own wish to make slaves of them made him misunderstand what they were trying to tell him. Columbus thinking like this is not unreasonable, considering what we can read further in the log: They ought to make good and skilled servants, for they repeat very quickly whatever we say to them and, perhaps most surprisingly I could conquer the whole of them with 50 men, and govern them as I pleased. This was day o ne, not counting the days it took to sail to this new land, and already some sort of prediction about the future of the new continent could be drawn, like in a novel consisting of foreshadowing. This was the beginning of the colonization of the West Indies, and later, the whole Northern- and Southern American continent. Portugal, Britain and France soon joined the scene, and successfully conquered and established themselves in the New World. Because of the cruel enslavement and barbaric behavior of the Spanish conquistadors, but mainly due to the unexpected European diseases like smallpox, typhus, influenza, diphtheria and measles, thereby killing millions upon millions of people  [6]  of the Indians. The tragic result of these biological genocides was the need for more workers, workers that would be found in Africa, and from there be brought to America. The Transatlantic Slave Trade The Bible says that the root of all evil is the love [lust] for money  [7]  . This was the case with the Transatlantic Slave Trade, a fundamental part of the Triangle Trade. This trade moved slaves from Central and Western Africa across the Atlantic Ocean to the West Indies [current Caribbean Islands], Brazil and North-America. It is estimated that about 9.4-12million Africans arrived in the New World from Africa. These were from Ghana and Nigeria, Congol and Angola. They were sold by West African kings and leaders, who often were put on the throne by the European traders themselves: The principal European traders took active part in installing kings who they judged would favour their activities irrespective of whether such kings were acceptable to their subjects  [8]  . Kings sent military expeditions against nearby tribes, captured their people and sold them to the Portuguese. The Portuguese acted out of personal, but also Spanish, need for slaves  [9]  . 10 A group of Africans captured by African slave market suppliers. After being captured, most Africans were separated from their families, men, women and children alike. They were then forced to walk hundreds of kilometres in order to reach the Slave Coast in West Africa, and the Atlantic Ocean. After arrival there, they were stowed together on ships like animals, with almost no place to even turn around, travelling for weeks among the filth of vomit-filled tubs, blood, urin, children crying, women shrieking and the dying groaning in despair. They could feel the stench of death spreading throughout the whole ship. These were the horrors of the Midlle Passage. 11 At any attempt of mutiny or resurrection terrible reprisals were carried out, like on the American ship Kentucky in 1844 where 46 men and one woman were hanged, tortured and mutilated and shot in the breast and the bodies thrown overboardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦sometimes they shot at the body while it still hung living, and all kinds of sport was made of the business  [12]  . One can imagine that the poor survivors of these atrocities asked themselves if the situation could get worse. Nations like Holland, Britain, France and Spain followed up the Portuguese in the triangular trade. When arriving in America the slaves, who were in much smaler numbers than at departure, were sold profitably in auctions and the money was used to by sugar , tobacco and cotton. These raw materials were transported back to the individual countries of Europe and manufactured there. Sugar became rum, cotton textiles, and the tobacco used. To maintain this buisness slave transport ships were sent to West Africa again with products from Europe that were desirable for the merchants and leaders that were settled there. The 13 colonies and slavery Britain, one of the greatest colonising nations, had several colonies all around America from British Honduras [Honduras] in the south to Newfoundland in the north. 13 of these colonies had settled together like neighbours on the North-American continent. These colonies did not differ from others in the matter of slavery. Also here a master could enjoy absolute rights over his property  [13]  . Two of the earliest established colonies, Virginia (1607) and Maryland (1632), were especially determined to repress the blacks, both free and slave. This was mainly due to fear of slave insurrectons, like e.g at St. Domingo [Haiti]. Laws and codes were created, restricting assemblies of black slaves, forbidding escape and travel without pass (Virginia,1705). Any kind of violence against the white owner(s) (or any other white person for that sake) allowed the owner to correct such a slave very physically, and also, if the slave died during this correction, no punishment towards the owner e xisted. It was ()as if such accident never happened.  [14]  (Virginia,1705). Anti miscegenation laws were established (Maryland, 1664), not allowing sexual relations or marriage between people of different races [Declared unconstitutional in 1967]. The penalty for such inter-racial marriages was that the white women who had succumbed to this terrible act, would lawfully become a slave herself, and so any children that she might give birth to. To bear firearm (unless allowed by the owner for protection against the Indians) and witness in court proceedings against any but other blacks was illegal too (Virginia,1639 and Virginia,1705), as well as any excercisement in any ecclesiastic [church], civil or military office (Virginia,1705). Convertion to Christianity through baptism did not change civil rights either (Virginia,1667). Noteably, greatest influence was played by the above partly mentioned Slave Codes of 1705. These subsequently came to serve as models for the other colonies. It was because of these Slave Codes that slaves would be considered by the law as real estate, property, a thing. Due to lack of co-operation and stubborness from the British Parliament and King in former taxual matters concerning the 13 colonies, militia of the New England colony surrounded the city of Boston on April 18th 1775. The attack was a result of a confiscation and arrestation attempt in Concord  [15]  . Armed clashes between the British troops and the colonies began the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). The Second Continental Congress met the same year. This Congress formed the Continental Army and fought the British Army. What is highly relevant to my research question is what the Second Continental Congress did but a year after its gathering. They wrote and signed the most important act in American history, on July 4th 1776. It was the United States Declaration of Independence. Second Continental Congress  [16]   In the second sentence of this document we find the famous words:We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. One could assume that this clear separation from Imperial England and forming of a new nation based upon such beautiful words and honorable ideals must have contributed directly towards abolishment of slavery in the United States of America. The great paradox is that it didnt. Yes, the Revolutional ideas helped the Quakers together with Tomas Jefferson and Luther Martin in their pro-abolishment fight, resulting in illegalisation of slave trade in New York and Pennsylvania, but not much more. South Carolina temporarily illegalized the trade, while Massachusetts were hypocritical in their law by only prohibiting slave trade directly from Africa. Eli Whitneys cotton gin invention strenghtened the economic foundation of slavery in the Southern states and restored the African slave trade in North-America. Apparantly the former made changes affects did not last long. Officially only South Carolina had restored the slave trade, but the rest of the States smuggled in slaves and used them as well. The Bill of Rights (1789), the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution from 1787, guaranteed the white people in the United States that The Congress shal make no Law respecting the Establishment of Religion, or prohibiting the free Exercise thereof; or abridging the Freedom of Speech, or of the Press, or to the Right of the People peaceably assemble  [17]  . Through this they layed down a democratic foundation and example for the whole modern world. The United States should have been quite perfect, only that the great paradoxal and moral problem of slavery due to racism persisted. The Russian Empire Part of the culture Russia as a nation has gone through many changes throughout its history. The Kievan Rus state, which started in the 880s, contained the predecessors of several Slav people and is the oldest Russia we know of. Prince Vladimir (978-1015), a successor of the Kievan Rus crown, converted to Christianity and Eastern Orthodoxy. It was through this conversion and acceptance of Eastern Orthodoxic religion that the Byzantine culture, statecraft and art came to Kievan Rus. These three were mixed with the Slavs culture and thereby created traditions which influenced the rise of the Russian autocratic state  [18]  . Russias autocratic system in the 19th century was therefore quite old. The medieval state of Kievan Rus disintergrated in the end though, starting to divide into principalities in the 12th century because of domestic conflicts. The Mongol-Tartar invasion, starting with an attack in 1223, did not improve the situation. The Mongol-Tartars destroyed Kiev along with many other cities at the time, so that many of the Slav people, mainly peasants, became homeless and had no choice but to move and settle on the land of wealthy Russian princes and nobles. A starting serfdom was therefore partially one of the consequences of the Mongol-Tartar invasion. The peasants-serfs, became attached and dependent upon the mercy of higher ranked Russians. As the Mongol-Tartars power diminished, especially with the defeat at the Battle of Kulikovo (1380), the grand princes of Muscovy [Moscow], had created a strong and wealthy Grand Duchy. Ivan III (ruled 1462-1505), one of the most successful grand princes there, was the first Muscovite ruler to use the titles of tsar and Ruler of all Rus. He had the right to claim it, Muscovy trippled in size under his rule. In order to keep strict order and reject any smaller princes who claimed to rule specific territories, Ivan the III forced all lesser princes, the nobility, to acknowledge him the sole and unquestionable ruler of Muscovy. This would also count for his heirs. Ivan IV  [19]   The formation of the very powerful and autocratic tsardom came to exist. With Ivan IV, grandson of the III, the word autocratic was no longer only a property of an independent ruler, it came to mean unlimited rule. Between 1565 and 1572, under Tsar Ivan the IV [the Terrible], none in Muscovys prosperous and important district was safe. The Tsar, for uncertain reasons, started killing advisers, government officials and the aristocrats (boyars/nobles) The peasants started moving away in fear their problems with unpayed taxes. In order to prevent them from moving, the Tsar started binding them to the land, bringing the russian peasantry closer and closer to legal serfdom. Boris Godunov  [20]   The consequence of such a fools rule was constant chaos from 1598 to 1613. Despite the frequent change of tsars, tsardom itself survived and was consolidated as peasantry went through a gradual enserfment. Boris Godunov (1551-1605), brother-in-law of Ivan IVs mentally ill heir to the throne, practically became the Tsar of Russia from 1584-1605. In 1597 a decree made by him to attach peaseants to the land on which they lived and worked with was set out. Peasants could no longer move from one landlord to another as they wanted. This was done in order to keep rural stability in Russia. Godunov formed serfdon in its most oppressive form, while at the same time the rest of Europe was getting rid of domestic serfdom. The Legal Code of 1649, which further legalised the attachment of serfs to the land, came about because the state prepared the serfs with land as presents of compensation for the new nobilities, the Dvoryanstvo, but also presents for acts of loyality and military service  [21]  The main factor in this development was the governments central bureaucracy, which had expanded significantly by the 1650s. There were many peasants who tried to run away, becoming fugitives. Anyhow, thousands upon thousands of Russians became enserfed and controlled by other Russians. It was in racial aspects different than the situation of the African slaves in the US. But, like slaves in America, the now legimite serfs also started making riots, some more serious than others. The tsar and the government managed to keep their power though, through the nobility, the Russian Orthodox Church and autocracy. Backwardness Peter the Great (1672-1725) indirectly separated the Russian serfs culturally from the Dvoryanstwo through his westernisation of Russia. He forced the nobility to wear Western dresses, tastes and social customs, splitting the Dvoryanstvo with serfdom even more. In 18th century Russia metallurgical and textile industries used serf labour, and practically all of agriculture used serfs. It was possible to maintain the country with this system of serfs, but from then on Imperial Russia would be backwarded compared to Western Europe with its Industrial Revolution. Russian serfs Russias westernisation was based upon the governing elites of Western Europe like e.g in France, but in 1789 with the French Revolution at hand, the Russian Tsar would not and could not keep contact with countries like France. When Tsar Nikolas I came to the throne he thought that all contact with Western Europe had to be sensured or stopped. The central tool of the Tsar was His Imperial Majestys Private Chancery. The Third Section was in charge of state security. Tsar Nicholas I (1825-1855) was especially afraid of revolts against him because of the Decembrist revolt in 1825. This was a military protest in St. Petersburg by Russian army officers and intellectuals who had been affected by liberalism in Western Europe, deriving mainly from France through the Napoleonic Wars. These officers had realised the backwardness of Tsarist autocracy, and now sought to abolish serfdom, as an obstacle to economic prosperity, and modernize Russia through western technical and philosophical ideas. This was, ironically, the same thing that Peter I had wanted to do. The problem this time was that the Tsars autocracy was at stake. Nikolas I regarded the West as his personal enemies, and therefore ordered the Third Section of his Chancery to use censorship and surveillance methods in order to strictly limit reports of events in Western Europe and to suppress criticism of domestic social conditions. The criticism revealed itself through works of people like Alexander Pushkin and Pyotr Chaadaev, but also through the plays of Nikolai Gogol, who satirised the institution of serfdom in his novel Dead Souls. This is highly similar to what was happening in the USA, where Slave narratives like Uncle Toms Cabinand other literary publications were written by the pro-abolitionists. These works were not censored like in Russia, due to the First Amendment in the United States Constitution Bill of Rights where it is written: Congress shall make no law(à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦)abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press. This also clearly shows how completely different the American and Russian society was. In 1858 there were 22.5 million serfs in the Russian countryside. Another 19 million where tied to lands owned by the state. 41.5 million out of a 74 million population  [22]  . The everyday life of a slave and serf in the 19th century While the white americans in the last part of the 19th century enjoyed a better standard of living than any other people on earth  [23]  , the black americans suffering was below criticism. In Russia conditions were of the medieval kind. The North of the USA was more industrialised, while the South continued their traditional farming. Of course, there was much farming in the North as well, but due to the industry they posessed, they produced almost 90% of the nations manufactured output in the 1850s. Slavery therefore existed only in the South, were there was a supposed need for it. In some defence of the South, only 25% of Southern families owned slaves. In Russia on the other hand, the whole country was based upon the vast countryside. Little industry existed, thus keeping Russian serfs intact on the fields. The number of serfs was naturally greater than the number of slaves. At least in the beginning of the 19th century auctioning was less brutal. Now dealers and owners advised against splitting up families. It still happened though, and many family members never saw each other again. The splitting up of families ended in Russia with a law of 1833. Most of the slaves were put to do the hard physical work on the cotton fields and farms. The white owners were most often performing hard work themselves, but the slaves were always inferior to them because in need for money slaves could be sold. In Russia the nobility didnt have to do the hard physical work. The simple and inferior serfs where to do it. Many slaves turned to Christianity and faith in God. In Russia, where the serfs were mainly Orthodox, the Church told people to withstand their hard conditions patiently. Still many, quite understandably, protested against their owners both through resistance to work and violence against them. In the US this often resulted in a visit to the Lashing House. The Lasher was a legally-appointed functionary to whom slaves were sent with just a letters notice from the owner as to how many lashes the slave was to recieve. This show that even though few people owned slaves in the South, most of them accepted it to rather big extents. Emancipations compared The abolishment of slavery in the USA and the emancipation of the serfs in Russia happened as a consequence of two wars. The American Civil War (1861-1865), where the blacks proved themselves through great acts of courage and valour, and the Crimean War (1853-1856), where Russian serf soldiers, even though brave, could not defeat the Western modern troops of Britain and France. The Civil War was to a significant extent the result of tensions between pro- and anti-slavery states, and as the war progressed slavery became the main theme. The Crimean War was the war of one supposed very strong power, Russia, verses Britain and France. Autocracy and serfdom against democracy and industrialisation. I find it very interesting to at this moment observe how the Civil War was about the neccesity of victory to abolish slavery, while the Crimean War resulted in defeat and pre-unintendedly led to emancipation of the serfs as the beginning of tremendous reforms. Note also that both wars and emancipations occurred at approximately the same time. Conclusion When we look upon how the United States of America and the Russian Empire came to be, there are practically no similarities, except the law making which defined slaves and serfs. By the mid-19th century slaves and serfs possesed almost the same identical status in their societies, which meant not possesing anything at all. The ethnical difference between slaves and serfs thus loses any significance. Both groups where human beings being oppressed by other human beings who acknowledged themselves as being superior. The everyday life of slaves and serfes were both characterised by bad conditions with practically no legal protection. Both slaves and serfs tried some form of riots, both groups consisted of runaways, and physical punishment happened if the owner wasnt satisfied. Suspicion and mistrust was an everyday reality. Both groups experienced auctioning and splitting up of families. Slaves and serfs alike were needed for agricultur in the rural parts of their respective countries. Slave and serf were understood to be inferior to their owners. There was, in quantity, more serfdom in Russia than there was slavery in the US, but in quality they experienced the same discrimination and unrightousness. Even though the slaves came from Africa, and lived as a minority in the USA, they ended up fighting like true heroes for their freedom in the American Civil War. The serfs of Russia where no minority, but actually the majority. They were Russians in bondage. A final comparing of slavery and serfdom would be to try to find out wheter it was worse in the USA or in Russia. I have come to the conclusion that it would be unwise to do so. Both systems consisted of people doing terrible acts against fellow people, black or white doesnt matter. This is also what we should learn from this history, and enlighen ourselves minds to fight this kind of atrocity to ever happen again.

Effects On Support Networks Health And Social Care Essay

Discoursing about sexual wellness in older people is a hard subject in both professional wellness attention and patient because most aged people might experience abashed. Besides they would prefer physicians to present about sexual issues to them instead than they discuss it by them self. In this essay will place definition and history of gender in aging people. Recent statistic, physical changed and affects older individual ‘s life styles psychological and other are explained. Some support services are recommended. Sex in senior groups are focused because most immature people still misunderstand about sex and gender in older people lives.Definition and HistoryDefinition of gender is an ability of people to hold feeling and give love to each other to develop and hold a positive mentality about sexual activity. In add-on, responsible determination about physical, emotional and societal facets should be made ( Henry and McNab 2003 ) .HistoryIn an earlier common stereotype and myt hs which, people assumed that when a natural physical and emotional of older people have changed they lost sexual desires and they do non hold ability to do love and have sex any longer. Besides it was hard to discourse openly among physician and patient ( Henry and McNab 2003 ) . However, sex and gender among senior groups have become more widely discussed than the past, written by Gott ( 2004 ) .Recent StatisticssA 2007 study of sex older among grownups reported in Lindau, et Al. ( 2007 ) involved over 3,000 work forces and adult females. Its figures show that 73 % of older grownups aged 57 to 64 were sexually active. 53 % of those aged 65 to 74 were so, whilst merely 26 % of those between the ages of 75 to 85 were sexually active. The study besides showed that it was non merely healthy work forces ( 81 % ) and healthy adult females ( 51 % ) who were being sexually active in the old 12 months but 47 % of work forces and 26 % of adult females in hapless wellness were besides sexual ly active. Furthermore, older people in the 50 – 70 age group seem to hold more sex spouses and likely to travel back to dating than the last decennary. In add-on, Australian survey was reported from the mid-1990s of age 80, 8 % of adult females and 29 % of work forces were still holding sex. ( Minichiello and Hawkes 2011 ) . Furthermore, Lindau, et Al. ( 2007 ) besides found some aging people suffered from sexual jobs, the most common being erectile troubles in work forces ( 37 % ) and low desire ( 43 % ) , vaginal waterlessness ( 39 % ) and inability to culminate ( 34 % ) among the adult females surveyed. In add-on, less than 50 % both work forces and adult females had discussed sex with a doctor since they had become 50 old ages old. One surprising statistic found by the same writers was that sexually transmitted infections have been increasing among those of older age. Somes and Donatelli ( 2012 ) study that human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infections are increasing faster in the group aged over 50 old ages than group ages under 40 old ages during the period 2000 to 2009. Syphilis, herpes, chlamydia and venereal warts have besides seen the largest rates of addition among those aged 45 to 64 old ages during the same period.PhysiologyHarmonizing to My physician for a healthy Australia ( 2010 ) natur al physical difference in organic structure form and size among older work forces and adult females can sometimes impact their ability to hold and bask sex. A study by Laumann et Al. ( 2005 ) of the sexual jobs among over 26,000 work forces and adult females aged 40-80 from 29 states found a scope of sexual jobs. One such alteration for both sexes is that is reasonably normal is that sexual rousing might happen less frequently and more easy. Work force may endure from erectile disfunction ( ED ) , which is the hard-ons tend to be less house, less seeds is ejaculated and necessitate more clip for subsequent hard-ons ( Henry and McNab 2003 ) . However Viagra and several medicines are available for work forces to execute or keep a sufficient hard-on for sexual activity. On the other manus, reduced degrees of estrogen among older adult females after climacteric may do some of them to see vaginal waterlessness ( Mayo Clinic 2011 ) . Besides, decrepit vagina contractions and lower organic structure engagement during climax might happen. Equally good as cause other emotional alterations associated with reduced sensitiveness, and response sexual libido ( Henry and McNab 2003 ) . Furthermore, a scope of chronic unwellnesss such as relate to the cardiovascular system, high blood force per unit area, diabetes, hormonal jobs, depression or anxiousness, and the side effects of some medicines and surgeries may besides do sexual trouble among older grownups..Effectss on the AgedSex effects in aged people, reported by Henry and McNab ( 2003 ) . Performance anxiousness and depression symptoms are common in both work forces and adult females in progress age. This is related to societal isolation and lead to loss of libido, which may do sexual disfunction or reduces sexual desire. Aged people feel guilty to hold sexual activity outside of matrimony. In add-on, widows or widowmans may experience blameworthy to get down a new relationship because they feel perfidiously. Although o lder work forces still have pleasant visual aspect crucial to their felicity, the feeling of wellbeing in adult females is reduced. As the consequence sexual activity in adult females has decreased earlier than work forces. Beside some older grownup experienced that the environment which they live might tie in with their sexual-life as good. For illustration, an aided life, long-run attention installation or nursing place, this is consequence to their privateness. Besides the unequal figure of sexes in aging people could increase the trouble for work forces and adult females to attach to and develop their relationship particularly with the opposite sex in those topographic points.Effectss on the Support NetworksChanges in the gender of an older individual will besides hold impacts on others, particularly their spouse and carer. When people become older they barely to speak with each other about sex, even though they still enjoy or used to bask the sex ( Keutz 1995 ) . Some of aging people loss assurance because of their physical and organic structure form has changed. Besides the relationship go more strain related to endocrine degrees or emotional changed, it might greatly happen after climacteric which is related to desire of gender. Furthermore, some older twosomes might hold statement more regularly which could non merely cut down familiarity between their relationships but besides decrease their sexual desires. In add-on, professional wellness attention might see a trouble covering with temper swing of their aged patients. It can sometimes be difficult to understand why the older client is non get bying good with ripening, because alterations in gender are frequently non discussed at all ( Funnel, Koutoukidis & A ; Lawrence, 2009 ) .Support servicesSupport services associating to gender for older grownups are available both as books and online. For illustration, the book Sex Over 50 by Block and Bakos ( 1999 ) was written for the turning group of aging Am ericans who are looking for professional, practical advice on how to do the passage to deeper, richer, more sophisticated sexual relationships. Similarly, the book Sexuality, Sexual Health and Ageing ( Gott 2005 ) explains the issues and experiences that may happen in the sexual activities of older grownups. In footings of on-line resources, the American Psychological Association ( APA ) is the largest scientific and professional organisation psychological science supports in the United States. Their mission is to progress the creative activity, communicating and application of psychological cognition to profit society and better people ‘s lives ( American Psychological Association 2013 ) . Relevant web pages from their on-line resources include Clay ‘s ( 2012 ) â€Å" Later-Life Sexual activity † which outlines how to Assessing older people ‘s sex lives, Get the better ofing challenges and Coping after malignant neoplastic disease. In add-on, over 9,000 org anisations together form the International Council on Active Aging ( ICAA ) , organizing professionals working for the benefit of older grownups in footings of their the retirement, assisted life, fittingness, rehabilitation and health ( ICAA 2012 ) . More locally, the Western Australian Center for Health and Ageing ( WACHA ) is an administration that helps back up and improves the lives of aged people, prevent the beginning of disenabling unwellnesss and happen better ways to handle the common diseases for them ( Western Australian Center for Health and Ageing 2012 ) . Relevant web pages from their on-line resources that relate to sexuality include its â€Å" Healthy Sex Life Not Merely for the Young † ( Western Australian Center for Health and Ageing 2012 ) . This is utile because this intelligence was explained about sexual activity in older people which is of import for immature people to understand about it.DecisionIn decision, this easy has shown that, gender is a capacity of experiencing love nevertheless in progress aged it hard to discourse between physicians and patients. Many people believed that when people become older their sexual desires are decreased and unable to do love any more. On the other manus, older grownups in both healthy and unhealthy over 50 old ages old were still sexually active. Nevertheless, physical changed such as organic structure form and size may impact their ability to hold sex. Some older work forces might endure from erectile disfunction besides adult females may see vagina waterlessness which related to sexual libido decreasing. Furthermore, some chronic unwellness may cut down ability to bask sex. Not merely physical changed but besides mood swing or depression symptom could impact aged people to hold a trouble sex-life. In add-on, sometimes it hard for wellness attention profession to understand older people as good. Many support beginnings and services are available for older people.

Universal Human Rights And Universal Rights - 1312 Words

Universal human rights are those that apply to everyone no matter where they come from, who they are or what they do. They are held by the individual person and protect them from other people and/or collectives (Bell,1999). Human rights instruments found today are also compared to those in religions and ancient civilisations that have contributed towards the understanding of human dignity (James, 2007). There are many arguments on whether human rights are universally achievable and if they have already been achieved. This essay will put forward different perspectives on this issue. Such as how the claimed universal human rights are not universal, why they are not, and solutions to this issue to help them become achievable. The issue of†¦show more content†¦Even though countries of the world have adopted these crucial rights that are universal, it does not mean they can continue to agree on a much wider range of rights to universally adopt. However, this also does not prohibit the possibility of this happening. On the other hand, just because all countries agreed to these rights, human rights violations still occur off the record and while institutions such as ‘Amnesty International’ and ‘Human Rights Watch’ try to expose these instance of abuse, this does not stop the situation occur, leaving these rights not actually universal at all because not everyone’s rights are respected (Bell, 1999). Author Charles Taylor, thinks that the ‘thin’ list of current universal rights should be expanded. He thinks participants in a cross-cultural dialogue should remain impartial to try a reconcile differences and allow for more agreed up universal rights to be established (Bell, 1999). If this was to occur, then this would allow for the possibility for completely universal human rights to be established as people from different cultures with different views and ideologies would be able to come to some sort of agreement on what these rights should be. Charles Taylor states â€Å"we should agree on the norms while disagreeing on why they were the right norms, and we should be content to live in this consensus,Show MoreRelatedHuman Rights : Universal Rights1679 Words   |  7 PagesHuman rights are universal rights that we are entitled to. It is a freedom that is guaranteed based on the principle of respect for an individual. As mentioned in the preamble of the Universal De claration of Human Rights, human rights are a â€Å"recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all member of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world† (Kent, page 80). When asked what our rights are, we tend to get different answers andRead MoreHuman Rights : Universal And Inalienable Rights919 Words   |  4 Pagesthat all humans are entitled to universal and inalienable rights. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights article 1 best, explains what universal human rights are by stating that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity rights. (Articles of the UN Universal Declaration, International Law: United for Human Rights.), and while all persons are entitled to these rights there are many throughout out the world who are suffering due to the fact their human rights are beingRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesA human right i s an ethical choice and moral belief belonging to all humans regardless of traits, status, location, color, gender, or belief system. Making the connection to a universal law, the United Nations Rights High Commissioner explains these rights are, â€Å"guaranteed by law† and protected as â€Å"fundamental freedoms† (OHCHR, 2016). The Cambridge Dictionary defines privilege as â€Å"an advantage that only one person or group of people has† listing examples such as having a high social position or wealthRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1728 Words   |  7 Pagesminorities and those who don’t fit the traditional mold of a people. Culture can impede progress and leave women, minorities and other sub-sects of a society without the basic human rights that they deserve. Clinging too close to culture can be dangerous. The Foundations of a Universal Declaration The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was drafted shortly after the United Nations was established in 1945. The aim of the Declaration was to ensure that an atrocity such as the mass killings of JewsRead MoreThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights1131 Words   |  5 PagesHuman rights are moral principles that set out specific standards of human behavior, and are normally ensured as lawful rights in both national and global law. They are acknowledged to be inalienable, since anybody is characteristically qualified for it essentially on the grounds that they are individuals. Whatever our nationality, sex, shade, religion, dialect, or ethnic source is, we are all just as qualified for our rights without separation or discrimination. All human rights are resolute andRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1417 Words   |  6 PagesImplemented in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) delineates the basic rights and freedoms entitled to all human s. The freedom of speech and the right to express beliefs freely is a universal human right protected by Article 19 of the UDHR. It declares that â€Å"everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression† and can â€Å"hold opinions without interference†. The regional agreements of Iran, China and Bahrain are in accordance with the Universal Declaration and are fullyRead MoreUniversal Declaration Of Human Rights1263 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, a doctrine created to ensure a mutual standard of treatment amongst all humans, every person deserves an equal set of life standards. According to Article 18 of this 30 Article document, â€Å"everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teachingRead MoreThe Universal D eclaration Of Human Rights3323 Words   |  14 Pagesthe Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the concept of human rights has gradually become one of the most commonly accepted universal norms, referred to in United Nations resolutions, national constitutions and regional and international treaties. Even so, human rights violations occur on an almost daily basis in countries around the world. The term seems to be at the forefront of contemporary political discourses, with its meaning at most times remaining unclear. In theory, human rightsRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1485 Words   |  6 Pages1003236982 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states â€Å"that human rights are held by all persons equally and universally forever† –hence, they are universal held. This is due to them being the exact same for all human beings anywhere in the world. One cannot acquire human rights because of where they come from, but because they are a member of the human race. Nobody can lose those human rights, nor can they be taken away for whatever the reason may be. Together, we have the right to express ourselvesRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1537 Words   |  7 PagesThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which is a declaration that represents the first global expression of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled, states that everyone has the right to education, which shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages, and that education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. Yet, according to the Right to Education Project

Air Battle Manager - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 552 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2018/12/15 Category Politics Essay Type Descriptive essay Level High school Tags: Job Essay Did you like this example? An air battle manager (ABM) is a specially trained officer meticulously trained to match their highly demanding job. They are expected to carry out very crucial duties in the Air force and are therefore expected to be sharp and very keen. Their main functions are effect controlling of assigned forces, planning, organizing and directing operations. He is also in charge conducting the tactical missions and air defense, the sensor system management and operation management like the data link. He or she is further entitled to supervise the staff and provide technical advice where it is required. It is also his or her duty to supervise the mission crew activities. The air battle manager is the one in charge of selecting and employing the combat, surveillance, data link and reporting management systems. He also interprets specific commands into procedural guidance for the controller actions. The ABM is also in charge of evaluating the readiness of the support equipments. He also advises the commander on the readiness of forces based the status records. He is the one in charge of conducting lying and other simulated exercises to evaluate readiness. The ABM also establishes the procedures and monitoring implementations of squadrons programs and policies. He is the one who conducts and adjusts the training plans and programs so as to meet the mission requirements. These are among of the many duties the ABM carries out in the air force. An air battle manager should exude exemplary leadership skills such that he can fit into the leadership position without coaxing his or her subject to a difficult life. A good air battle manager should be a good time keeper, so that he can go through his daily duties he has to develop a routine which he must follow toughly so as to avoid leaving some duties unattended to. He or she should be a good team builder since he is expected to build forces in the base he should be able to join different people together based on their abilities and they make a good air force team. He or she should be patient this is to avoid making hasty decisions which would have very catastrophic outcomes. He or she should be humane or kind, he should not risk the lives of his men in places he cannot go himself therefore should not experiment with the lives of the others. Similarly, he should be able to think critically and make crucial decisions when in a dilemma since he has the duty to run operations and a situation can arise at any time. Those are the leadership an ABM should harbor. An air battle manager is expected to have a deployment every six months in a year which do not last for long they are mostly deployed for some special and specific missions. This is because they fall under the group band E whose tempo is based on the mission availability or in case of a sudden change. The temporary duty assignment is usually offered and the air battle manager can return to his duties when it is over it is commonly done for to help an under manned post or for the officers to attend school for further studies. Therefore these are the tempo standing of an air battle manager the post I am applying for. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Air Battle Manager" essay for you Create order

Different Forms of Prejudice Present in The Merchant of...

Different Forms of Prejudice Present in The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare Different types of people, affected by their own views can define prejudice in many different ways. The Collins Concise Dictionary definition of prejudice is an opinion formed beforehand, especially an unfavourable one based on inadequate facts. Another definition is intolerance of or dislike for people of a specific race, religion, etc. From this, it is obvious that prejudice, although often a negative occurrence, can also be positive. Throughout The Merchant, there are many forms of prejudice among a variety of characters, because of race, gender or religion. The most blatant form of prejudice within the†¦show more content†¦He appears to, at least it some ways, sympathise with Shylock; particularly as he gave him the line Hath not a Jew eyes? (III.i.45-6). He understands that Shylock has feelings and emotions, and therefore is effected by the racism dealt out to him. As he continues in the same vein; Hath not a Jew hands, organ, dimensionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (III.i.46), Shakespeare seems to be attempting to teach his audience, who would have been fully educated in anti-Semitism, that Jews are only different in their beliefs. Not only that, but Shakespeare allows these lines to be taken and re-read about any race or religion, allowing The Merchant to be adapted and read in any context, for the appropriate time period and society. Throughout The Merchant, Shylock is a character with whom we both sympathise and despise. As a moneylender, he is already considered a sinner, both within the play, and as the spectators in Elizabethan times would have seen him. In the play, Shylock is the final option when Antonio needs to borrow money to fund Bassanios trip to visit Portia in Belmont. Even though he is a Jew and is despised by everyone, Antonio still borrows money from him. Even Antonio, the person who is the loudest in condemnation of Shylock, willShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice 1189 Words   |  5 PagesNikki Vietz Ms. Seibel Honors English 12 1 May 2015 Was Shakespeare Prejudice? The premise of William Shakespeare comedy, The Merchant of Venice, is the hostile relationship between Shylock, a Jewish moneylender, and Antonio, a Christian trader. The two gentlemen have a deep history of hatred due to personal injuries and Antonio’s refusal to collect interest on loans. This hatred comes to a climax when Antonio’s friend, Bassanio wishes to borrow three thousands ducats from Antonio so he can travelRead MoreThe Merchant Of Venice By William Shakespeare1445 Words   |  6 PagesThru Venice William Shakespeare, possibly the most esteemed writer of all time, wrote a play titled The Merchant of Venice, near the end of the 1500 s. The play takes place in Venice, and while it can be described as what we now call a romantic comedy, it also draws attention to the harsh divides in the Venetian society brought on by conflicting beliefs and religions. Centuries later, in the early 2000 s, Paul Haggis wrote and directed a film called Crash, that follows multiple different charactersRead MoreThe Merchant of Venice- Critical Evaluation2293 Words   |  10 PagesHow effectively does Shakespeare explore the themes of love and hate through character in the play â€Å"The Merchant of Venice†? William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice contains many themes and elements that could be considered timeless. Shakespeare effectively explores the themes of love and hate through character in the play which is a play of two parts. One part follows the fortunes of Bassanio, a friend of the Merchant, Antonio, in his attempts to win the hand of Portia, the rich and beautifulRead MoreRelationships in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice3131 Words   |  13 PagesRelationships in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice The Merchant of Venice is one of Shakespeares most popular plays and Act 1 Scene 3 is a key scene. There are three characters involved in the scene and these are: Antonio, Bassanio and Shylock. Shakespeare portrays their characters effectively as well as the contrasting relationships between them. He uses various themes, his language and style and the plot of the bond to achieve this. Before I lookRead MoreRacism And Manipulation Of William Shakespeare s Othello2226 Words   |  9 PagesRacism and Manipulation In William Shakespeare’s Othello Racism has been an inevitable aspect of human society throughout the centuries, from Elizabethan England to â€Å" Separate but equal, here in The United States not too long ago. Shakespeare’s tragic play Othello, portrays a young, and recently married Moor named Othello. His own demise is initiated by various deceits, such as his lofty new position as the Venetian Republic’s army general. During the time Shakespeare lived there was an overallRead MoreEssay William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice2277 Words   |  10 PagesWilliam Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice Introduction The three versions of the Merchant of Venice which I have watched are: 1. Channel 4 television version for their Schools Broadcasting Programmes 2. Trevor Nunns version 3. National Theatre Company version directed by Jonathan Miller and starring Laurence Olivier as Shylock Act IV scene 1 is an intense scene in the play where we see many of the plays main themes such as justice and mercyRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesTopeka as a stenographer for a black attorney and as a clerk for a newspaper. Occasionally, on weekends, she would take Langston to Kansas City. His Uncle Dessalines owned a barbershop in a black neighborhood, where peoples lifestyles were far different from that of his strict grandmother in Lawrence. Langston roamed the streets near the barbershop. He played the nickelodeon and listened to street musicians playing the blues. Mary Langston was a devoted grandmother to her grandson. (Yale Collection

Nature of thought Free Essays

Thinking: the activity of the brain that can potentially be communicated. Inform thoughts become your words become your actions become your habits become your character become you. † (Gary R. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature of thought or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kirby and Jeffery R. Godparent, Thinking, 2007) What makes human thinking unique is the fact that our thoughts are made up of language. Language allows us to see things differently by channeling our thinking and perceptions. Our thoughts are influenced by the language we use to describe them. The languages we use may too be influenced by personal barriers. Personal barriers include self- serving biases, cognitive distortions that put us in a favorable position. Stereotypes, being biased toward members of a certain group. Emotional influences also effect and inspire human thought. Emotion is what differentiates human beings from animals. We as humans think to communicate, using different languages that are influenced by barriers based upon memories. Memory plays an important role in thinking. Without memory we can’t think. According to Richard Paul and Linda Elder, Journal of Developmental Education, â€Å"Everything we learn is related to everything we learn and learning things in relation to each other makes each of the things we learn more memorable, more intelligible, and more useful. † Without memory we’d have no future to imagining and no past to consider. Getting an adequate amount of sleep is essential to the critical thinking process. Sleep debt can negatively affect our mood, motivation, memory, decision making, concentration, problem solving, and logical thinking (Corer, 1996). So in order to think big we must stimulate the brain with intellectual activity and enhance our memory. Enhancing memory includes making information meaningful, by associating new information with what we already know well, by using mnemonic techniques and by repetition and practice. Listening to the recollections of others and being open to the possibilities. Finding relevance of the information, how it relates to our lives, increases its meaning and makes it more memorable. Now let’s use my memory. I can remember when I found out I was pregnant with my first child. I thought I had gotten sick. I didn’t feel well, very low amount of energy. Well I was sick, but it wasn’t the sick I was thinking where I could go buy something over the counter and it be gone in a few days. I was suffering from morning sickness, the nauseous feeling a woman’s body goes through in the first trimester of pregnancy. The difference in my thoughts and reality was that a baby was coming. A child, a life changing experience. I had all kinds of thoughts going through my head. First, I had to acknowledge that I was soon to be called â€Å"Mommy’. Which then lead to other thoughts like if I was good enough to be parent at the age of 22. I thought what my family would think of me being that I as still young and not married. I was concerned on what the father of my child would say when I told him. After informing my family and accepting this important role that was coming into play. I began taking prenatal classes to educate myself on being a mother. I enrolled in college and begin taking Early Childhood Education courses. I learned that having my daughter pushed me into the field of working with children and having a passion for the work that I do. In the beginning I was nervous, worried about what others would think of me. Encapsulation was a personal barrier s I was raised to believe that one should be married before she has a child. My emotions were out of control the first couple of months as I thought to myself that I wasn’t fit for the circumstances. After all that I have to say that I am a wonderful mother despite all my fears and that my thoughts from then have influenced and encouraged me to believe that can handle all situations, and to see something good out of anything that we are faced with. How to cite Nature of thought, Papers

Following Guidelines of the Course ID †Myasssignmenthelp.Com

Question: What are the Following guidelines of the course ID? Answer: Introduction The identified study report has been illustrated to discuss the individual factors that have predominantly influenced the decision-making process as well as purchasing behaviour of the target market demographics. In the contemporary and challenging business scenario, leading product manufacturers, as well as service providers operating in the different sectors, need to identify the several individual factors affecting the purchasing sentiment of the buyers. By doing such activities, the marketers and service providers can develop their product, services, and marketing strategy according to the demand of the target market audience (Strack, Werth, Deutsch, 2016). Also, alteration in modern technologies has influenced the knowledge of the purchasers that has led to shifting of the request on consumer decision-making. The study paper has been developed to understand how a number of individual factors have influenced the consumer behaviour in the business environment of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA). Precisely, the Commonwealth Bank of Australia is one of the leading financial service providers in the Australian financial industry. Invariably, the study paper has identified four individual factors such as consumer needs, consumer perception, consumer learning, and consumer attitude that are influencing the decision-making of the target demographics attached to the business environment of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia (Griskevicius, Kenrick, 2013). Though the financial corporation is a multinational company, the study has been evaluated based on the Australian market. By assessing the factors affecting the decision-making and experience of the consumers, the financial services company can improve the business standards, to say the least. Alternatively, the study defines how each of the individual influencing factors should be considered during the decision-making of the target demographics. As a financial services company, the Commonwealth Bank of Australia needs to improvise on services to get the advantage. At the end of the discussion, significant consumer behaviour theories have been explained to evalu ate how the organisation can make substantial changes in their marketing strategy to influence the decision-making of the consumers. Individual Factors Influencing Consumer Behaviour In this particular discussion section, the four identified individual factors i.e. consumer needs, consumer perception, consumer learning, and consumer attitude have been explained that are relevant to the target demographics of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia (Ling, D'Alessandro, Winzar, 2015). For a brief introduction to the company, the Commonwealth Bank of Australia is one of the most trusted financial services in the Australian market offering various services such as retail and business banking, insurance services, fund management, and brokerage services to their target audience in the identified market ("CommBank", 2017). Based on the challenges in the financial services sector, identifying the factors influencing the purchasing decision-making of the consumers is significantly effective for the Commonwealth Bank of Australia. First of all, the consumer in the financial services can be recognised as one of the fundamental factors to be considered by the CBA in its operating sector. In the case of monetary transactions, consumers are bound to be linked with one of the financial service providing companies available in the market (Williams, Mullin, 2015). However, digitalisation has completely transformed the traditional banking system. On this particular need of the consumers, banking service providers such as the CBA must identify the current trend in the market. Thus, by evaluating the fundamental demand of need, the Commonwealth Bank of Australia can influence the decision-making of the target audience (Griskevicius, Kenrick, 2013). Alternatively, consumer perception is another vital aspect of the business influencing the decision-making of the target demographics in the case of selecting financial service providers. Precisely, consumer perception can be termed as gathering essential information through the senses of the customer before selecting a product or service (Williams, Mullin, 2015). In the business status of the CBA, consumer perception can be evident for the target demographics to make a rough distinction among the available service providers. Meanwhile, in the banking system, the experience of the customers has led to an appreciation of service. Thus, human perception can be stimulated in a positive way. On the other note, consumer learning of the Australian target market audience is another substantial aspect influencing the buying decision-making of the consumers in case of opting for financial services and banking services. As the majority of the target audience in Australia are highly educated, consumers keep learning new things to influence their purchasing decision-making (Strack, Werth, Deutsch, 2016). For instance, based on their experience over the time, target demographics gather new knowledge. Also, the internet platform has enhanced the perspective of consumer learning. The consumers have verified the services and charges offered by the banking services to choose the most convenient financial service provider. Evidently, consumer attitude is one of the most comprehensive individual factors affecting the purchasing decision-making of consumers. Driven by the attitude of the individuals, consumers can be motivated to select a service or product (Young, Creed, 2009). Meanwhile, consumer attitude can be influenced by the social outcomes that have made the customers to trust a brand or service provider. Invariably, change in the attitude of the target audience must be identified by the service providers to make certain marketing adjustments (Han, Stoel, 2016). Necessarily, changes in attitude must be resisted by the service providers to retain the customer base. By considering each of the factors described in the study, the impact of the individual factors on purchasing decision-making of the target audience in Australian market has been illustrated. In the banking sector, the need of the consumer is one of the leading influencing factors for choosing the right financial services (Widing, 2013). First of all, current banking transaction and other money related transactions have become one of the major ways to the everyday life of target audience. Private firms, public organisations, and the general public are largely dependent on the banking services to meet the monetary transactional requirement and other financial services such as insurance, retirement plan, term plan, savings account, employee account, and current business account, etc (Mortimer, Bougoure, Fazal-E-Hasan, 2015). Thus, due to the fundamental need of target audience, customers have to select banking services according to their requisites. As analysed before, consumer perception process has helped the target audience to identify the services and the quality of services offered by a firm (Ling, D'Alessandro, Winzar, 2015). Through the collection of information from various sources, banking sector consumers have assessed the utility of bank services. Thus, the consumer perception provokes the target demographics to go for the best banking service suitable for the purpose (Hansen, 2015). Precisely, financial services need to increase their value perception in front of the target audience by delivering exceptional services. Meanwhile, best experience of services has influenced the consumer perception that has led the customers to purchase the service. Clearly, diverted by the reviews and market news, consumers have gone for the best financial services to get the best experience (Hassan, Michaelidou, 2013). During the buying decision-making process, the impact of consumer learning is another significant factor leading to shifting in decision-making. Consumer learning is a process that can increase the knowledge of the target audience about a product or service available in the market. By using a service, customers can gain substantial experience during their service period. Also, the latest technology has helped the target audience to know the trending topics in the same service area (Martin, Woodside, 2017). Thus, the consumers can compare the best services available in the market with the existing service. Herein, consumer learning can improvise in a change in the behaviour of the target audience. Leading to the change, customers can take the most comprehensive banking service available in the market. However, consumer attitude towards a brand can create a substantial impact while buying a service. Directed by the beliefs and confidence towards a brand, consumer attitude can define the behavioural intentions of the buyers. In the case of banking and financial services, trust has been identified one of the key factors for the consumers. As the Commonwealth Bank of Australia is one of the biggest banking service providers in the sector, consumer attitude can consider such things during opting for the service (Rossi, 2011). In this way, consumer attitude can validate the personal belief and responsibility of the service. Thus, target demographics can be influenced to go for the services driven by the attitude of the consumers. Consideration of individual influences in decision-making and experiences of consumers In the contemporary business scenario of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, consideration of each of the individual factors in consumer decision-making and experience should be elaborated to clear out the concept. Precisely, the needs of the consumer can be defined as one of the key components to be considering during services offering and marketing of the business (Widing, 2013). As a banking service, the fundamental requisites of the target audience must be evaluated to dictate the terms of services as per the suitability of the target demographics. In order to create substantial influence on the target audience, adoption and diffusion process can be implemented to market the new services as well as other traditional services offered by to the target audience (Shukla, Banerjee, Adidam, 2013). Notably, the diffusion procedure has enabled the service companies to introduce new service to the customers based on the requisite. Primarily, three types of diffusion of innovation and ado ption methods can be applied during the market purchasing decision-making of the target audience. Meanwhile, the first method can be termed as Continuous Innovation where existing services offered by the business can be altered as per the changing demand and trends of the customers. Secondly, Dynamic Continuous Innovation process has led to new services to the target demographics replacing the traditional services to be competitive (Widing, 2013). Finally, the last and the most important process is the Discontinues Innovation that has introduced a new set of services according to the demand of the customers to shift the purchasing behaviour of the target demographic profile (Reny, 2015). For example, the business firms must show the quality of services, efficiency in the services, and compatibility of the services towards the customers to gain the competitive edge over the other marketers operating in the same market industry. The stages of diffusion of innovation and adoption can match the expectations and demand of the target customers so that target demographics can prefer to select the services of a company over the others (Tseng, Piller, 2013). Evidently, communication and marketing have played a major role to circulate the influence among the target demographic profile. The role of consumer perception in decision-making must be rated highly by the service companies as a change in consumer perception may lead to shift in the decision-making process (Ling, D'Alessandro, Winzar, 2015). As discussed earlier in the study, consumer perception has driven the target audience to differentiate the services offered by different firms. In the decision-making framework, the perceived things of the target audience can influence a customer to choose or reject the service provided by a company (Rattanaphan, 2012). In the case of financial services, the firms need to enhance the perception of the target demographics so that a bonding of trust can be created with the target market audience. The psychological variable known as perception controls the purchasing sentiment of the customers, to be precise. Apparently, driven by consumer perception, target demographics can accept the messages delivered by the service organisations (Pincus, 2014). If the information has n ot matched with the perception of the target consumer, they will reject the message. Alternatively, perceptual blocking is another significant aspect controlling the consumer perception leading towards the decision-making in favour of a service. Perceptual blocking is something that has been developed by the consumers knowledge and self-belief. Driven by the belief of the target audience, customers have reluctant to be influenced by the marketing stimuli used by the modern business organisations. On the other hand, price perception is another concept influencing the customers to select a service (Briesch, Rajagopal, 2010). By analysing the competitive pricing of the services, customers tend to choose the affordable service that has seemed to be more worthy. On the basis of the same, the service companies have to make the adjustment to influence the level of perception of the target demographics related to the price of the service. Precisely, if the perceived value of the service will be worthy of the target audience, the consumers do not mind to use the service agai n and again. In the meantime, understanding of customer learning process is an essential factor for observing the customer decision making and experiences (Ling, D'Alessandro, Winzar, 2015). The customer decision making process involves different steps such as problem recognition, information search and evaluation, purchasing processes and post-purchasing behaviour (Martin, Woodside, 2017). On the basis of the above steps, a proper learning regard to the brand and its products is required to help the customers to make purchasing decisions. Hence, it is important for the marketers to understand the fundamentals of the customer learning theories in order to develop their marketing tactics to influence the customer decision making and experiences. Furthermore, customer learning is a process that is used by the consumers to acquire the consumption and purchasing knowledge and experiences that can be applied to the future related decision processes. There are two different ways through which an individual learns about the purchasing knowledge (Martin, Woodside, 2017). Firstly, behavioural learning process involves a trial and error technique that is used by the consumers to make purchasing decisions regarding a brand. For example, a customer feels disappointed after using a service of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia will never use the service again and move towards another brand for the same service (Bosworth, Holland, Visgatis, 2010). On the other hand, if the same customer is satisfied with any service of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, the person will visit the particular bank in the future for different other services. Secondly, the cognitive learning process involves collection of information by the consumers while solving problems regarding a purchasing decision. For example, a new customer of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia will try to collect information about the service to know every detailed terms and conditions before buying the product (Mallalieu, 2016). Hence, it is important to understand the learning process of the customers in order to understand their purchasing decision making and experiences. Moreover, the marketers need to understand the components of consumer attitude towards the brand as well to observe their purchasing decision process and experiences. The consumer attitude involves three composites that are belief, feeling and behavioural intention. These elements are interdependent to each other and influence the purchasing decision making and experiences of the consumers (Murphy, Dweck, 2016). Firstly, the belief of the consumers must be evaluated in order to understand their attitude towards the brand. For example, a customer can hold positive belief towards the service of the Commonwealth Bank because of its extra facilities. On the other hand, the customer can hold negative belief due to the long documentation process of the Commonwealth Bank. Secondly, the feelings of the consumers are controlled by their beliefs. A customer may feel good about the service of the Commonwealth Bank due to its high reputation and long term services (Richardson, 2016). On the other hand, the customer may feel bad about the brand due to some negative incidents that may have occurred in the recent past. Furthermore, the behavioural intentions include the influence of the family members or relatives to choose a particular brand. For example, a customer may choose the Commonwealth Bank to open an account because his elders have their account in the same bank (Craig-Lees, Joy, Browne, 2015). Hence, it is important for the marketers to observe the customers attitude in order to understand the consumer decision making process and experiences for developing the marketing strategies. Consumer Behaviour Theories to improve marketing strategies It is important for the marketers of the Commonwealth Bank to understand the primary needs of the customers, their perception, learning style and attitude towards the brand to develop adequate marketing strategy for making the customer accept the new innovations (Bosworth, Holland, Visgatis, 2010). Firstly, the marketing department of the Commonwealth Bank must observe what the customers think about the service of the company by applying the customer attitude theory. Secondly, the perception of the customers must be known in order to find what changes can be made in the services of the firm. Thirdly, the needs of the customers must be observed to develop the final products and services matching the exact demand of the consumers (O'Cass, McEwen, 2014). Finally, the consumer learning theory must be applied to develop promotional tactics that will be helpful to provide the information that are required by the customers to make decision regarding their purchase or to accept the new inn ovative services. In order to understand the needs of the customers and their acceptance of the new innovation, the marketers need to conduct a survey using questionnaires that will ask the customers to provide feedback regarding what they think about the brand. On the other hand, the survey will help the marketers to develop proper understanding of the customers learning and perception in order to improve the marketing strategies (Macintosh, Stevens, 2013). The information collected through the survey will help the marketers understand the customers decision making process and their experiences to make the consumers accept the new innovative services of the company (Ekelund, 2009). Hence, the entire process of applying the consumer behaviour theories and development of marketing strategy to make the customers accept the new innovations are interconnected. Furthermore, the evaluation of the customers behaviour will be helpful for the marketers to develop its marketing strategies such as the market segmentation staretgy, targeting strategy and positioning policy in the form of the 4 Ps of marketing mix to influence the customers to accept the new products and services of the Commonwealth Bank (Rojsurakitti, 2015). Therefore, on the basis of the theories learned in module, the following suggestions are recommended to the marketers of the Commonwealth Bank to enhance their marketing strategies: Segmentation Strategy The segmentation strategy is used by the marketing executives to break the entire market into small categories to improve the efficiency of the marketing strategies. It is not possible for an organisation to meet all expectations of the customers using limited resources. For example, a financial institution cannot offer all services based on the requirement of the customers. Hence, the services must be developed keeping in mind some of the critical elements of consumer behaviour that becomes challenge for the financial institution (Padua, 2014). The segmentation strategy is developed to categorise the large customer base on the basis of their demographics, services required and demand for the service in the market. For instance, the marketers of the Commonwealth Bank can segment the customers on the basis of their age. The company can provide better retirement plans and long term investment policies for the younger generation people. Meanwhile, the old age people can be served through new services such as high interest fixed deposits (Rossi, 2011). On the other hand, the customers of the financial institutions can be segmented on the basis of their religion. For example, Islamic Banking System can be introduced by the marketers to serve the Muslim customers that are already practiced in the Gulf Countries (Richardson, 2016). The market segmentation can also be used to make decision regarding the promotional tactics that will be used by the company to enhance its brand positioning. Hence, market segmentation is a key strategy for the financial institutions to improve its marketing activities. Targeting Strategy The targeting strategy is used to choose a particular segment that must be targeted by the firm to make the new innovative service acceptable in the market. For example, if the company wants to launch a long term insurance or provident fund scheme, the marketers must target the younger generation segment. On the other hand, the marketers must target the older age customer segment to make a high interest monthly earning scheme acceptable by the customers (Strack, Werth, Deutsch, 2016). Hence, the decision of the target market is quite essential for the success of a new product or service. On the other hand, it is important for the marketers to consider several factors before making the decision regarding a target market. Firstly, the marketing department must see that how well the existing customers in the target market are served by the rivals (Peppers, Rogers, 2011). Hence, a particular segment must be targeted after observing the existing services that are rendered by the rival firms. Secondly, the demographics of the market segment must be considered in terms of its size to forecast the potential opportunities that are available for the target customers (Szmigin, Carrigan, 2011). Finally, the marketing department must evaluate the resources and competencies of the firm to check whether the company has the capability to serve the target audiences. Hence, it is important for the marketers to understand the customer behaviour while making adequate decision regarding the target market to influence the customers for accepting the new innovations. Positioning Strategy Finally, the marketers must focus on improving the positioning strategy by making changes in the 4 Ps of marketing mix. In order to improve the 4 Ps of marketing mix, the marketing executives must understand the factors influencing the consumer behaviour and the decision making process. Hence, the following recommendations are provided to improve the positioning strategy of the Commonwealth Bank: Product: The marketers of the Commonwealth Bank must focus on differentiating its products and services by introducing innovative schemes that will be acceptable by the target customers. In order to develop the services, the company must observe the demand of the customers and their expectations from the organisation (Purohit, 2016). Furthermore, the marketers must see that the services are differentiated from the rivals in terms of the benefits and facilities that are rendered by the company. Price: It is important to note that most of the services rendered by the financial institutions do not charge direct price from the customer. On the other hand, there are some services that are directly charged from the customers such as investment consultancy fees and brokering charges (Williams, Mullin, 2015). Hence, the company can use a competitive pricing policy for these services to attract more customers. Promotion: The promotional decisions must be made keeping in mind the regular habits of the customers. For instance, the older generation people can be targeted by using traditional or mass media channels such as television, newspapers and financial magazines. On the other hand, the company can target the younger generation customers using the digital advertisement tactics such as social networking advertising, Google AdWord and website promotion (Putit, Teoh, Amily Fikry., 2015). Hence, the choice of promotion strategy depends upon the regular habits of the customers. Place: With development of technology, the Commonwealth Bank can use their website as a virtual office to serve the customers. On the other hand, home to home service can be introduced to enhance the customers reach for targeting the older age people (Putit, Teoh, Amily Fikry., 2015). The home to home service must be introduced for premium range customers and large enterprises. Conclusion On the basis of the above analysis, there are several individual factors that influence the purchasing behaviour of the customers. Hence, it is important for the marketers of the Commonwealth Bank to observe the individual factors such as needs, perception, attitude and learning style of the customers to understand the consumer decision making process and experiences with the brand. Furthermore, market surveys and research can be conducted to collect information for evaluating the consumer decision making process. Moreover, the results of the consumer behaviour evaluation process can be utilised by the marketers of the Commonwealth Bank to develop products, pricing policy, promotional tactics and placing strategy to influence the customers to accept the new innovations. 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